STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

Chirchik HTCES Languages department

Qoravoeva Shoira Zafarjon qizi

Abstract: This article reveals the role and importance of phraseological units in the speech process with the help of various examples. As well as the views of several scholars on phraseological units and their classification are presented in this article.

Key words: Phraseological units, linguistics, collocation, ready-made units, set expressions, proverbs, sayings, quotations.

The vocabulary of a language is enriched not only by words but also by phrases which are functionally and semantically undividable units. These units are called phraseological units.

Phraseological units cannot be freely made up in the process of speech, but they exist in the language as ready-made units.  The lexical constituents  in  phraseological units  are  unchangeable  and  they  are  non-motivated  i.e. its  meaning  cannot be deduced from  the  meaning  of  its  components  and  they  do  not permit  their  lexical components to be altered or substituted.

The individual components of phraseological units do not seem to have any lexical meaning outside the word group. For example: crease up, red type, red herring… (“Crease” means- a line on a piece of cloth or paper etc where it has been folded, “crease up” indicates that to laugh a lot or to make someone laugh a lot). The receiver can get more information by phraseological units than words and in the communicational process they have larger communicative loading.

A great number of scientists work on phraseopogical units and by their investigations we know phrases like one part of lexicology. One of them is Prof.  A.  I.  Smirnitsky who states that a phraseological unit may be defined as any exact word groups functioning as a word-equivalent. “The phraseological units are single  semantically  inseparable  units. They are used in one function in the sentence and belong to one part of speech”. They are given in special phraseological dictionaries and according to the scientist’s notion these phrases convey an exact notion like words and are used in a sentence and text as one part of it.

A.I Smirnitsky classifies the phraseological units into three types according to their semantic and grammatical inseparability. They are:

·     noun equivalents  (heavy  father)

·     verb equivalents (take place, break the news)

·     adverb equivalents (in the long run, high and low).

Being word equivalents in phraseological units may be more or less complex. For example, there, are phraseological units with one semantic center, i. e with the domination of component over another. This semantically dominating element also determines the equivalence of the phraseological unit to a certain class of words. This type of phraseological units is termed «collocation» For example:

-       verb —adverb collocation (to look after),

-       attributive collocation (out of the way),

-       prepositional noun collocation (in accordance with)

There are phraseological units with two centers. They differ from collocations by the absence of one central word which focuses the main semantic and grammatical properties of the whole. They are termed «set expressions» For example.

-       verb +  noun  set  expression (to  fall  in  love) 

-       adjective - noun  set  expressions (black ball)

-       phraseological repetitions (spick and span)

However, the professor A.V. Koonin who worked on these complex units for many years has different idea on the equivalence of phraseological units. “The components of phraseological units are mounted separately”- he said. “They cannot be used in one function in the sentence. For example, He gets rid of it. The problem of equivalency of phraseological units to words demands further investigation”. He points out that phraseology must be an independent linguistic science and it should not be considered as a part of Lexicology. Moreover, Phraseological units are based on the functions in speech.

Constancy of phraseological units is noticed in its disallowance of the substitution of word groups. For example, “turn over a new leaf” does not allow to substitute either “turn over” or “leaf”.

Idiomaticity of phraseological units is lack of word groups. If a word group does not allow word by word translation it is called idiomatic word groups. For example:   Under a cloud (bad mood)

In donkey’s years (an extremely long time)

Born with silver spoon on somebody’s mouth (to born in wealthy family)

Some phraseological units mainly denote the emotional and expressive state of a person. These kinds of phrases are so- called imperative phraseological units. The followings can be good examples:

“Move heaven and earths!” (To try very hard to achieve something)

“Heaven only knows” (used to emphasize that you do not know something)

“God willing” (used to say that you hope there will be no problems)

Proverbs, sayings and quotations also belong to the phraseological units. They have a specialized meaning which cannot be deduced from the meaning of their components.  For example:

“All glitters are not gold”

“If life gives you a lemon, make lemonade yourself”

“East or West home is best”

The history of much phraseology is a really interesting, because they give information about the nation's past, of its way of life, customs and traditions. Many phraseological units are connected with trade, see (the waves) and religion especially Bible. For example:

“To have all one's goods in the shop window”

 “A drug on the market” (narkotik)

“To sail under false colours”

“The root of all evil”

The role of phraseological units in the speech process is incomparable. They help to identify the intention of speaker in a short time with a few words. Moreover, they make speech more beautiful and meaningful. Phraseological units not only make the speech process meaningful but also increase the listener’s interest to the speaker, but applying them correctly and appropriately in the speech process requires a great deal of knowledge from the speaker.

Reference:

1.   Anita Naciscione “The stylistic use of phraseological units in discourse”, John Benjamins Publishing, 2010.

2.    Smith I. P. “Words and idioms” London 1928.

3.   Виноградов, В. В. Обосновных типах фразеологических единиц в русском языке / В. В. Виноградов. - М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1967. - 227 с.

4.   Кунин, A.B. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка / А.В.

5.   .Смит, Л. П. Фразеология английского языка /Л. П. Смит. - Гос. Учебно-пед. изд-во Министерства Просвещения РСФСР. - Москва, 1959. - 208 с.

6.   KaromatovaK.M.,  Karomatov  H.S.  “Proverbs  –  maqollar пословицы.Toshkent “Mehnat” 2000

7.    “Longman Modern English Dictionary”. London, 1976

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