The word alphabet comes from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet: ALPHA, BETA. These letters came from the Phoenician alphabet.
Knowing the names, sounds, and order of the letters in a language’s alphabet and memorizing them are the preliminary steps in the formal learning of a language.
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. ESL and EFL learners are urged to memorize them, their order, and their sounds thoroughly to make progress in speaking and writing English. At the end of the second part of this article, there are some links to videos that will help alphabetarians—people who are learning the alphabet and its sounds.Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
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I.
Introduction
The word alphabet comes from the names of the first two letters of the Greek
alphabet: ALPHA, BETA. These letters came from the Phoenician alphabet.
Knowing the names, sounds, and order of the letters in a language’s alphabet and
memorizing them are the preliminary steps in the formal learning of a language.
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. ESL and EFL learners are urged to memorize
them, their order, and their sounds thoroughly to make progress in speaking and writing
English. At the end of the second part of this article, there are some links to videos that
will help alphabetarians—people who are learning the alphabet and its sounds.
Vowels and Consonants
The tabulation above distinguishes between vowels and consonants.
Amongst the 26 letters, there are five vowels a, e, i, o, u, and, sometimes, y can serve as a
vowel too.
Notice that there are the basic vowel sounds—short and long. An old rule states that
the following the consonant after a vowel makes the vowel say its name. In cage,
the e following the g makes the say, “I am an A”. By saying its name, the vowel is making
the longvowel sound.
A vowel sound is made by the breath being allowed to have free passage through your
larynx and your mouth without your tongue or teeth or lips getting in the way.
Knowing the alphabet, especially its order, is vitally important if you are to advance in
your studies. If you wish to teach yourself, it is an invaluable tool. It is basic to the proper
and speedy use of dictionaries, encyclopedias, catalogs, and indexes, and it is essential in
research.
Teaching the alphabet to our English students can be a daunting task. How can we teach
all 26 letters (to recognise, read and write) along with their corresponding sounds in a fun
and interesting way? How can we make sure our students internalize these letters? How
can we help our students take their first steps towards reading?
II.
1.
Tips for Teaching the Alphabet to Young Learners of English
Different Learner Types
When teaching the alphabet for the first time it is important to remember that everyone
learns in different ways, so we want to cover all of these learner types Simply showing a
flashcard of a letter and getting students to say the letter will not be enough to help a child
who is, for example, a Tactile learner (learns by touching and manipulating objects). Here
are some methods you can include in your alphabet teaching routine to ensure all of your
students get the most out of your alphabet lessons:
visual: show alphabet flashcards with a letter on the front and a picture on the back
(e.g. a / apple). Have alphabet posters on the walls and alphabet picture books.
listening: say the sounds of each letter clearly and repeat a few times so your
students can clearly hear the sounds. Play the ABC song.
touch and manipulation: use alphabet blocks which students can touch and pass
around. They can also use the blocks to put the letters in the right order. Let students
trace the shape of the letters on the flashcards and then “draw” the shapes with their
fingers on the floor and doors, etc. Use playdoh to make the letters. Play the ABC
song and have the students touch the letters as they are sung.
movement: have students make the shapes of the letters with their hands and bodies.
For example, for the letter “c”, students can cup their hands or bend their bodies into a “c”
shape. For more difficult letters, students can make the shapes in pairs or 3s (e.g.two
students can make the body shapes for “b”, “d”, “m” etc. by working together).
2. Teach sounds
As you teach each letter of the alphabet always teach its associated sound. With each letter
that you teach, teach 3 sounds:
the pronunciation of the letter (E.g. “A”)
the sound of the letter (“ah”)
a word which begins with the sound (“apple”)
Therefore, a teacher may teach as follows for the letter “A”:
T: (showing a flashcard of the letter A) “A .. A .. A .. repeat A”
Ss: “A”
T: “A”
Ss: “A”
T: “A”
Ss: “A”
T: “A is for ah .. ah .. ah. Repeat ah”
Ss: “ah”
T: “ah”
Ss: “ah”
T: “ah”
Ss: “ah”
T: “A, is for ah, is for (turning the card over) apple .. apple .. apple .. repeat apple”
Ss: “apple”
T: “apple”
Ss: “apple”
T: “apple”
Ss: “apple”
T: “Good! What’s this?” (showing “A”)
Ss: “A”
T: “Is for?”
Ss: “ah” T: “Is for?” (turning the card)
Ss: “apple”
T: “Well done!” (now asks individual students)
3. Use worksheet and make use of posters and real material.
Use letter tracing worksheets so students can practice tracing the correct shapes. As
students trace each letter encourage them to say the letter as they trace (e.g. “A, B, C,
…”). Also, ask your students questions as they are tracing (e.g. what’s this letter? What
sound is it?”).
Use worksheets to copy letters (not just trace). Again, ask questions as the students
are writing the letters. Check the letters are correct in terms of shape and size and that
they are written on the line.
Have matching exercises where students match letters to the same letters (e.g. match
A to A and B to B) and letters to pictures (e.g. match a to apple).
For younger kids, always have a coloring in task (e.g. coloring an apple for letter A
or coloring in block letters).
Have a variety of different worksheet exercises to keep the interest of the students.
Always have worksheets to do in class and for homework.
For example, if you are teaching the letter “C” have your students find and touch the letter
“C” on posters. Bring in magazines and have your students find and touch (or cut out)
letter Cs. When you are reading a story to the class, you can sometimes ask your students
to identify a letter they have learned.
Sing the ABC Song (The Alphabet song) regularly
Kids pick this song up really quickly and it will help them in remembering the order of the
alphabet.
Kids are surprisingly good at picking up on clusters and this will help your students when
they start to read. For example, when you reach teaching “h” introduce “ch” (you will
have taught “c” in a previous lesson). Teach the cluster in the same way as individual
letters (see point 2 above). Other clusters include: sh, th, ch, st, oo, ee, ou
4. Start teaching to read simple words from early on
You’ll be surprised how quickly your kids will be able to read simple words. For example,
by the time you have reached the letter “O” put the flashcard letters “d – o – g” on the
board. Elicit the sound of each letter and then see if the students can string the letters
together to make the word. Some good early learning words are:
bag
bat – man (batman)
bed
big
cap
cat
cup
fat
fox
Make an Alphabet Book with each student
Each student will need a ring binder folder with white paper inside. Write the upper and
lower case letter on the top of each sheet of white paper. Each week choose a new letter to
work on and bring in some old magazines, then go through the magazines with your
students to find pictures that begin with that letter. Cut out the pictures and stick them on
the page with the corresponding letter.
Review and practice regularly
It’s quite a challenge to learn to recognise, read and write 26 new letters so don’t expect
your students to remember all the letters you have taught previously. Go back each lesson
and review previous letters. Play games each week which review the letters. Do lots of
worksheets which include letters from previous lessons. Keep looking back and going
forward and slowly but surely your students will internalize the alphabet (some faster than
others). It’s an ongoing process and should be kept fun and interesting by using different
games and different worksheets.
“When you read you begin with ABC…”
One of the first things we do when we teach the alphabet is simply point and
teach, and then point and see if students remember. Turn this letter recognition
into a game. Place your alphabet cards one next to the other to lay out a path. You
may place them in alphabetical or random order. Give each student or group a
game piece they can move along this path. They take turns rolling the dice, they
move their pieces, and they must say the letter they land on. If they can’t say it
correctly they go back two spaces. The student or team that crosses the finish line
first wins
III.
Creative ESL activities
For this game prepare a set of copies with three, four or fiveletter words. In
the first column paste only the picture, like this:
☺
☼
♥ Students take turns pulling letters out of a bag. If they get a letter they can use,
they add it to their grid. If they can’t use it, they discard it. All of the discarded
letters are placed together for all to see. Before students take a letter from the bag,
they may choose to use one of the discarded ones.
☺ F A C E
☼ S U N
♥ H E A R T
The student that correctly completes his/her board first wins. This is a highly
versatile game, as you can print out sheets with any of the vocabulary you wish to
practice.
For this game, prepare a set of images, photos or flashcards for words your
students should be able to spell.
Each student gets a picture card. The student who gets this card has the goal of
spelling “face”. Students take turns pulling letters from a bag. They take the letters
they can use and put the ones they can’t use in a discard area. Students decide if
they will pull a letter from the bag or use one of the discarded ones. Once a student
successfully spells out the word, they take another flashcard. And so it goes till all
of the words have been spelled out. The student who has successfully spelled the
most words wins.
This is a classic and very easy to play with a set of letters. A great way to
review vocabulary! Spell out a word using your letter tiles and then scramble
them. Students must unscramble them to correctly spell the word. You can give
your class one word at at time, or give each student one word – see who
unscrambles theirs first!
What’s Missing?
Place your letter tiles in alphabetical order. Ask students to close their eyes while
you remove one. Move the letters closer together to eliminate the obvious gap.
Ask students to tell you which letter is missing. Alphabet Race
Divide your class into two or three groups. Each group chooses a flashcard with a
word they must spell correctly as a team. Place the cards on chairs at one end of
the room and the letter cards at the other end. A team member chooses a letter and
races to the team’s chair to place the letter below the corresponding card. The next
player chooses another letter and so on till the entire word is spelled out correctly.
If they make a mistake they continue racing till the word is spelled correctly. The
first team that successfully completes the task wins.
Alphabet Writing Relay
Divide and line up the students into two teams. Divide the board into two halves and have
one student from each team run to the board, write 'A', then run to the back of the line. The
next student writes 'B', etc. The first team to finish wins.
Alphabet Sculptures
Divide the students into teams and call out a letter of the alphabet. Award a point to the
first team that can form the letter with their bodies.
Alphabet Soup
Give each student an alphabet flashcard and have them skip around the room to the 'ABC
Song'. Stop the tape at random and have the students rush to line up in order, e.g. AK.
Alphabet Wave
Give each student a few ordered alphabet flashcards and play the 'ABC Song'. Have the
students hold up the cards that correspond to the letters they hear in the song.
The Ball
Throw the ball to a student and ask that student a question. The student answers and
throws the ball to another student asking the same question. E.g. "Can you...?", "Yes, I
can. / No, I can't." "Do you like...?", "Yes, I do. / No, I don't."
Balloon Toss
Have the students stand in a circle. Toss a balloon to one student and elicit vocabulary or a
structure from that student. They must be able to tap the balloon in the air without missing
the vocabulary or structure E.g. S1: "My name's Miki. What's your name?" (tap) "My
name's Hiro. What's your name?" (tap).
Basic Flashcard Fun
The teacher simply holds up a flash card and elicits the answer from the students. This can
be done in teams with points awarded for correct answers. Bingo
Bingo can be used with any topic. Blank Bingo sheets can be used, and students can write
of draw randomly in the boxes. The winner is the first student to cross out all the
numbers/letters etc. on the sheet.
Bluff
The object of the game is to be the first student to get rid of all his/her cards. Divide the
students into small group and deal flashcards to each student. Player 1 chooses a card from
his/her hand and throws it face down on the table saying, for example, "I have (a cat)".
Player 1 may be telling the truth or bluffing. If player 2 has a 'cat' in his/her hand then
there's a good chance player 1 is bluffing. Player 2 should say "No, you don't". If player 1
was bluffing, player 2 gives player 1 a penalty card from his/her hand. If player 1 was
telling the truth then he/she gives player 2 a penalty card from his/her hand. Continue until
one student is out of cards.
Car Race
Arrange the flash cards in a long line with starting and finishing points. Give each student
a counter. The first student throws the dice and moves. The student must say the word on
the flashcard he/she lands on. If the student makes a mistake, he/she goes back to his/her
original place. Add colored paper between cards to represent 'Take Another Turn', and
assign a crash number e.g. #4 on the dice which means the student must return to the
beginning.
Charades
Divide and line up the class into two teams. The first student from each team comes to the
front. The teacher whispers a word or shows a flashcard to the two students and they act it
out. The first team to call out the correct word gets a point. E.g. sleeping, eating, playing
soccer...
Clusters
Play any music and have the students walk, skip, jump, hop, etc around the room
randomly. Stop the music and call out a number between 18. The students must quickly
get together in a group or groups of that number, and the odd students must sit out until the
next round.
Commando
The teacher is the commando and gives commands to the class and/or individual students.
This is a great energy burner as well as review of actions colors, numbers or anything else
you can throw in. E.g. "Jump 10 times", "Touch your (body part)", "Touch (classroom
object", "Turn around", "Stand up / Sit down".
Concentration / Memory
Have the students sit in a circle. Spread out the flashcards (2 sets) face down. Students
take turns flipping over two cards and saying the vocabulary. If the flashcards are a match, the student keeps the cards. If they are different, they remain face down. The student with
the most pairs is the winner.
Conversation Relay
Line up the students in two teams and have the last student in each team tap the shoulder
of the student in front and have a conversation E.g. "What's you name?", "How are you?".
The student answering then starts the same conversation with the student in front, and so
on. When the conversation reaches the front, the student at the front must run to the back
and continue the procedure. The first team to get all the students back in their original
positions wins.
Crazy Train
Students line up behind the teacher in a choo choo train line. Give commands such as
"faster", "slower", "turn left", and "stop".
Dance Of The Ostriches
Pair up students and attach a flashcard to their backs. The object of the game is to look at
the other student's flash card and yell out the word before they see yours.
Draw It Relay
Divide the students into two teams. Whisper a flashcard to the first member of both teams
and have them run to the board and draw the word as fast as possible. Award points to the
fastest team.
Fashion Show
Have each student stand up one at a time and elicit from the class what he or she is
wearing.
Find It
The teacher holds up a letter flashcard. The students must search around the room to find
either a corresponding object/picture that begins with that letter or find that same letter
written somewhere in the room. The purpose of this game is letter recognition. It can be
played as a relay race with two teams racing to find the letters first.
First letter
Give the students various picture flashcards. Go through the ABC's and instruct students to
hold up the flashcards that begin with that letter.
Flash Card Act Out
Choose one or more students to come to the front. Show a flash card or whisper a word,
and have the students act it out. Reward the first student to guess the correct answer. This
can be used with many subjects (e.g. sports, actions, verbs, animals, etc.)
Flash Card Walk
Arrange the flashcards in a big circle. Play some music while the students walk around the
circle. When the music stops, call out a flashcard, and the student standing next to the flashcard wins.
Follow The Leader
Students line up behind the teacher and follow the teacher's actions. Use as a review for
identifying and chorusing classroom objects or acting out actions. Give the students a
chance to lead.
Go Fish
Have students choose two flashcards each. Have the students hold the flashcards face up
but not to show anyone. Choose a student and ask "Do you have a cat?" If the answer is
yes, they have to give you the flash card. Have each student ask other students questions.
A student with no cards is out.
Grab
Use Lego. Spread out the Lego and call out "(Five!)". The students should take five
blocks, join them together to make a pattern and hold them up. Next say "two blue, one
yellow" and other combinations to 5.
Grab It Relay / Race to Touch
Lay the flashcards on the floor at one end of the room, and have the students line up in
teams at the other end of the room. Call out a flashcard and have the first person in each
team race to grab the card. Those students then go to the back and the next students race to
grab the next flashcard the teacher calls.
Jumping The Line
Put a piece of tape across the middle of the floor or draw an imaginary line dividing the
room. Designate ones side as 'true' and the other side as 'false'. Line up the students on the
line, hold up a flashcard and say a word. If the students think you said the word that
matches the flashcard, they should jump to the 'true' side, otherwise they should jump to
the 'false' side. Students who make a mistake should sit out until the next round.
Letter To Word Match
Give each student an alphabet flashcard, and spread alphabet picture cards randomly
around the room. Play and sing the 'ABC Song'. When finished, have the students match
their alphabet card to an alphabet picture card and say the letter and vocabulary. Change
cards and repeat.
Listen and Order
Put the students into pairs and give them number cards (110). Call out numbers (out of
order) and have the students put their cards in that order. When finished, have the students
chant the numbers in the order you gave them.
On My Back
Line up the students in two teams and have them face the front. Show an alphabet
flashcard to the student at the back of each line and have them use their finger to draw the letter on the back of the student in front. The next student draws on the next student and so
on. The student at the front of each line then writes the letter on the board.
Pass It
Have the students sit in a circle. The teacher holds up a flashcard or object (e.g. ball, pen,
eraser, etc.), says the word and passes it to the next student. That student holds up the
card/object and says the vocabulary and passes it on. After a couple of rounds start the
flash cards/objects going in the opposite direction. Also try a speed round.
Pictionary
Have a student come up to the front and show him/her a flashcard. That student should
draw it on the board. The first student to guess the picture gets a point. This can also be
played in teams.
Spelling Bee
This can be done with the whole class or in two teams. The first player on team one is
given a word to spell orally. The teacher writes the letters on the board as they are spelled
out loud. If correct, the team gets a point. If you do a class competition, line the students
up and give them words one by one. When they make a mistake they must sit down. The
last student standing is the winner.
Spelling Game
Put a name or word on the board and have teams or individuals make as many words as
possible from those letters, e.g. Brad Pitt = bat, rat, bad, at, etc.
Topic Tag
Give a topic, e.g. fruit. The students must run around the room trying to avoid the teacher's
tag. If the student is tagged, he/she has five seconds to name a fruit. If no fruit can be
named or the fruit has already been said, that student should sit out until the next round.
What Time Is It, Mr. Wolf?
Have the students line up against the back wall. The teacher should stand with his/her back
turned to the class. The students must ask the teacher "What time is it, Mr. Wolf (or
teacher's name if easier)?". The teacher answers with a random time, e.g. "It's four o'clock"
the students take four steps toward the teacher. The students should move the
corresponding number of steps. If the teacher says "It's lunch time!", the students must run
to safety at the back wall. The teacher chases the students and if tagged, the student must
sit out until the next round.
Winner Says M
A variation on the activity 'Ten'. Write a big 'M' on the board and have the students take
turns reciting the alphabet, saying one or two letters each. The student who says "M" is the
winner. E.g. "A", "BC", "DE", "F", "G", "HI", "J", "KL", "M" (winner)! Variations: Numbers 121 (winner says 21), Days of the week (winner says Sunday), Months of the
year (winner says December).
IV. Phonics
1. Phonemic awareness
Phonics is one method of teaching children how to read. Children are taught how to
"sound out" new words by learning the following items:
Consonant letters sounds: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z
Blend sounds: br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr, wr, bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl, scr, str, sm, sn, sp, sc, sk,
Short vowel sounds: a, e, i, o, u
Always teach short vowel sounds first: a apple, e elephant, i igloo, o octopus, u
umbrella)
Digraph sounds: sh, ch, th, wh
Two letters combine to make a totally different sound.
Double vowel sounds: ai, ea, ee, oa
These pairs say the name of the first vowel.
Other double vowel sounds: oi, oo, ou, ow
Silent e: Silent e is bossy, it doesn't say anything but makes the vowel before it say
its own name.
R controlled vowel sounds: ar, er, ir, or, ur
Notice that er,ir and ur make the same sound.
Phonics is a series of rules that children have to memorize and apply when they are
sounding out new words. Children are taught a rule, i.e. Silent e, and then they practice
reading words with Silent e. Then children do skill sheets at their desk highlighting the
Silent e rule. Children must learn letter sounds to an automatic level they must be able to
see the letter(s) and say the sound immediately.
Critics point out that the reading/practice materials aren't very interesting, "See Spot run.
Run Spot run. Spot runs fast." It is a contrived atmosphere of reading practice using the
phonic rules.
Here's the bigger problem: children who struggle in reading memorize phonic rules, and
then are unable to apply phonic rules to connected print. To remedy this problem, two
things must happen: 1. Only the most important phonic rules should be taught in the least complicated
manner possible. For example, in teaching vowel sounds, it is distracting to talk
about "short versus long" vowels. Instead, a child should be taught the short vowel
sounds first. Then when a child encounters a long vowel as in the word find, tell
him, "That vowel says its own name."
2. Phonics must be taught in a way that allows these children to immediately practice
phonic information in real stories. Every time a child is taught new phonic
information, he should be given a short reading selection that highlights the phonic
rule. Completing a skill sheet is good, but even better is to help the child practice
applying the phonic skill to connected print.
A child cannot learn to read without proper knowledge in phonics. It is the foundation for
success in reading. She will succeed to read if she knows phonics.
Whole Language
Whole language is a "whole part" method of teaching children to read. (Phonics is a "part
whole" reading method.) Teachers use connected print to introduce reading to children.
Children are encouraged to memorize words as whole units. They do handson activities
such as writing in journals, and analyzing words in context, by using pictures, for
meaning.
Whole language has strengths in that children begin to write early. They are involved in
connected print, and they are using personal language skills making the process of reading
more interesting. The weakness of whole language methods is that some children never get
a full phonic foundation. They are unable to decode unfamiliar words. Research has shown
that good readers always use phonics to decipher new words.
Reading is best taught using a combination of three methodologies:
Auditory training training for the ears to prepare the child's brain for phonics.
Phonics knowledge of letter(s) sounds.
Whole Language immediate application of phonics into connected stories.
The goals of reading instruction are many, but certainly include that children will read
with confidence, that they will understand what they read, and that they will find reading a
source of knowledge and pleasure. To achieve these goals with all children, an effective
classroom program of beginning reading instruction must provide children with a wide
variety of experiences that relate to a number of important aspects of reading.
Some of these experiences focus on meaning. For example, children take part in oral
language activities that concentrate on concept and vocabulary development; children hear good stories and informational texts read aloud; they read and discuss with other children
what they read, often under the guidance of their teachers.
Other experiences focus on word recognition of printed words as children engage in print
awareness, letter recognition, writing, and spelling activities. Children take part in phonics
lessons and wordrecognition strategy instruction. They learn that the sounds in spoken
words relate to the patterns of letters in written words in predictable and often
generalizable ways. As they read books and other print materials, children learn to
combine their knowledge of print and sounds with their knowledge of language to read
with meaning and enjoyment. It is evident that no one aspect of a beginning program
should monopolize instructional time.
The content of phonics and wordrecognition instruction
Although the relation of systematic phonics and wordrecognition instruction to reading
achievement is a much debated topic, any enlightened discussion by advocates of such
instruction emphasizes that it must be only a part of a total program of instruction (Snow,
Bums, & Griffin, 1998). The main goal of such instruction is to help children figure out
the alphabetic system of written English and become comfortable with that system as they
become readers (Lyon, 1998). The authors of Becoming a Nation of Readers (Anderson,
Hiebert, Scott, & Wilkinson, 1985), written almost a decade ago, nicely described the
goal, purpose, and limitations of phonics instruction:
The goal of phonics is not that children be able to state the "rules" governing lettersound
relationships. Rather, the purpose is to get across the alphabetic principle, the principle
that there are systematic relationships between letters and sounds.
Phonics ought to be conceived as a technique for getting children off to a fast start in
mapping the relationships between letters and sounds. It follows that phonics instruction
should aim to teach only the most important and regular of lettertosound relationships,
because this is the sort of instruction that will most directly lay bare the alphabetic
principle. Once the basic relationships have been taught, the best way to get children to
refine and extend their knowledge of lettersound correspondences is through repeated
opportunities to read. (p. 38)
Phonics then is the system of instruction used to teach children the connection between
letters and sounds (Snow et al., 1998). We do want to warn the reader, however, that this
term is entirely abused and has many different meanings to different people. A generally
agreed on definition may not be possible.
The alphabetic principle
An important part of helping children with reading disabilities figure out the system
underlying the printed word is leading them to understand the alphabetic principle
(Adams, 1990; Ehri & McCormick, 1998; Liberman, Shankweiler, & Liberman, 199 1).
This means, to understand that in written English, words are composed of patterns of
letters that represent the sounds of spoken English words. Some children seem to figure out the alphabetic principle almost effortlessly, with little or no instruction. However, most
children, and children with learning disabilities (LD) in particular, benefit from organized
instruction that centers on sounds, letters, and the relations between sounds and letters
(Perfetti & Zhang, 1995). They also benefit from word recognition instruction that offers
practice with, for example, word families that share similar letter patterns. Additionally,
children with reading disabilities benefit from opportunities to apply what they are
learning to the reading and rereading of stories and other texts. Such texts contain a high
proportion of words that reflect the letters, sounds, and spelling patterns the children are
learning.
To help children map the relations between letters and sounds, effective phonics and word
recognition strategy instruction should provide them with opportunities to become
comfortable with a number of aspects of reading, including alphabetic knowledge,
phonemic awareness, soundsymbol relations, wordidentification strategies, spelling and
writing connections, related reading practice, and reading fluency.
Each of these elements of phonics and wordrecognition instruction is discussed in this
section. Each discussion is followed by a set of guidelines for program evaluators to
consider as they examine programs. We relied on the following sources for determining
what is most important to phonics and wordrecognition instruction:
Children must become expert users of the letters they will see and use to write their own
words and messages (Lyon, 1998). Children's knowledge of letters is a strong predictor of
their success in learning to read (Adams, 1990). That is, children who begin first grade
able to quickly and accurately identify, say, and write the letters of the alphabet have an
advantage in learning to read. Children whose knowledge of letters is not well developed
when they start school need a lot of sensibly organized practice that will help them learn
how to identify, name, and write letters.
Children's ability to think about individual words as sequences of sounds is important to
their understanding of the alphabetic principle (Liberman & Shankweiler, 1985; Snow et
al., 1998). Toward that understanding, children learn to identify rhyming words and to
create their own rhymes. They also learn that sentences are made up of separate words,
words are composed of syllables, and words are made up of sounds that can be separated
from each other and manipulated in other ways. Finally, they learn that sounds that are
separated (or segmented) from words can be put back together again to form words.
Some children have a great deal of difficulty learning to separate, or segment, the sounds
in spoken words, and to then reconstitute the sounds (i.e., to blend the segmented sounds
back together to make a word; O'Connor, NotariSyverson, & Vadasy, 1996). However, it
is this very aspect of phonemic awareness that enables children to apply their knowledge
of soundletter relations to the sounding out of printed words (Smith, Simmons, &
Karneenui, 1998).
It is important to make some clear distinctions: Phonemes are the separable individual
sounds in words. They are the smallest units of sound. The onset is the initial single phoneme or initial consonant cluster in a word and the rime is the remaining set of
phonemes in a word. Rimes are larger than phonemes, but smaller than syllables.
For example, take bat and bright, both onesyllable words:
in bat, the onset is /b/ and the rime is /at/;
in bright, the onset is /br/ and the rime is /ight/.
In contrast:
bat contains three phonemes /b/ /a/ /t/;
bright contains four phonemes /b/ /r/ /i/ /t/.
Most sequencing of phonemic awareness instruction begins with rhyming words and then
moves to helping children learn how to divide (or segment) sentences into words, words
into syllables, words into onset and rime, and finally, onesyllable words into phonemes.
Not all programs include the same content. For example, some programs introduce onsets
and rimes before requiring students to identify and manipulate each of the separable
sounds of one syllable words. Some programs do not include onset and rime activities. In
many programs, segmentation is introduced by having children identify and segment the
initial sound of a one syllable word. After practicing with initial sounds, the children then
learn to identify and segment final sounds, and finally work with medial sounds. Still other
programs have children learn to segment and then blend each individual sound of spoken
onesyllable words.
Phonemic awareness activities usually involve oral tasks in the absence of print. In some
programs, however, the instruction directs the children to use auditory (clapping) and
visual cues (Elkonin boxes, blocks) to help them understand that the sounds in words can
be separate entities. At the more advanced levels of instruction (segmenting and blending),
the relations of sounds to written letters often become part of the instructional sequence, so
that the children hear and see the relations between sounds and letters.
Guidelines for phonemic awareness instruction
A beginning reading program should include the following elements:
1.
o
o
o
o
o
o
Activities that follow a sequence of instruction that progresses from easier to more
difficult tasks and from larger to smaller units, for example:
Rhyming words.
Dividing sentences into words.
Dividing words into syllables.
Segmenting and blending onsets and rimes.
Identifying beginning, medial, and ending sounds in spoken words.
Segmenting and blending individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. 2.
3.
4.
Auditory (e.g., clapping), visual (e.g., tiles, chips), or both cues to help children
identify separate sounds in words.
Activities to teach the relationship of letters to sounds in more advanced tasks
(segmenting and blending phonemes).
For children who are having difficulty, a sequence of instruction that:
o
o
Starts with continuous sounds (for example, m, s, i, f) that are easier to hear
and blend.
Advises teachers to stretch out and connect (or "sing") the sounds (e.g.,
"ssssaaaammm," rather than separating them, for example, "S ... a ... m").
Soundletter relations
Children's early reading development is dependent on their acquisition of the soundletter
relations that underlie written English. Many children with reading disabilities benefit
from explicit and systematic teaching of these soundletter relations; this is typically
described as or labeled phonics. Children with reading disabilities benefit from a sequence
of phonics instruction that permits them to apply the relations they learn to the reading of
words and simple stories (Carnine, Silbert, & Kameenui, 1997; Chard, Simmons, &
Kameenui, 1998).
Phonics instruction is usually categorized as explicit or implicit. In explicit phonics
instruction, the sounds associated with the letters are identified in isolation and then
blended together to form words. The teacher directly tells students the sound represented
by an individual letter. For example, "The letter l makes the sound /llll/." When children
have learned several correspondences, including one or two vowels, they can read words
by blending sounds of the letters together. For example, students who have learned the
soundletter correspondences /I / /a/ /m/ and /p/ can utilize a blending strategy to read
"lamp."
In contrast, implicit phonics instruction includes helping students identify the sounds
associated with individual letters in the context of whole words, rather than in isolation.
Typically, students are asked to infer the sound of a letter from a word or set of words that
contain that letter. For example, in teaching the sound for m, the teacher is directed to:
Write man on the board and underline the letter m.
Have the students say man and listen for the beginning sound. Elicit from the students that
the letter m makes the sound /m/.
In implicit phonics, children are often encouraged to utilize context and picture cues to
identify any unfamiliar words they encounter in text selections. Most supplementary
programs employ explicit instruction.
Guidelines for examining soundletter relations instruction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Plan of instruction. A beginning reading program should include:
Common soundletter relations taught directly and explicitly.
Advanced phonemic awareness activities combined with the presentation of
soundletter relations.
Opportunities for children to practice soundletter relations in every lesson.
Practice opportunities that include new soundletter relations as well as
cumulative review of previously taught relations.
Opportunities early and often for children to apply their expanding
knowledge of soundletter relations to the reading of regularly spelled words that are
familiar in meaning.
A suggestion that the teacher or students point to the letters as they sound out
the words.
Rate of instruction. A beginning reading program should:
Recognize that children learn soundletter relations at different rates.
Introduce soundletter relations at a reasonable pace (e.g., in a range of two to
four per week, depending on student performance).
Encourage teachers to informally assess children's application of soundletter
relations and to use this information to make instructional decisions.
Sequence of instruction. A beginning reading program should:
Introduce consonants and vowels in a sequence that permits the children to
read words.
Choose consonants and vowels that can be combined to make words for the
children to read.
Teach a number of highutility soundletter relations first and add lower
utility relations later.
Introduce consonant blends or clusters in separate lessons.
Provide blending instruction with words that contain the soundletter relations
that the children are learning.
2 Wordrecognition strategies
Effective wordrecognition strategies permit children to quickly and automatically
translate the letters or spelling patterns of written words into speech sounds so that they
can identify words and gain rapid access to their meanings (Vandervelden & Siegel,
1997). Children must learn to identify words quickly and effortlessly so that they can
focus on the meaning of what they are reading (Stanovich, 1986). As children learn to read
more and more complex stories, effective wordidentification strategies will permit them to figure out the pronunciations of words they have never seen before in print. Students'
semantic and syntactic knowledge, in turn, can help to confirm the accuracy of their
attempts at word identification.
It is important that children learn to use their sound and spelling knowledge as a primary
strategy for word recognition (Bay Area Reading Task Force, 1997; Beck, 1998). Children
should also have opportunities to work with larger units (e.g., word families, spelling
patterns, and onsets and rimes). More advanced word identification strategies focus on
structural analysis the identification of root words, prefixes, and suffixes and on how to
read multisyllabic words.Children need to recognize some common words before they
have the soundletter knowledge to sound them out (e.g., the, this). Additionally, some
words are "irregular," meaning they are difficult to read using a sounding out strategy. The
program should introduce some irregular and other sight words in a reasonable sequence.
These words should be continuously reviewed in the lessons and in the written materials
the children read. Presenting some words as sight words should not overshadow the
importance of teaching children to learn how to use wordidentification strategies to figure
out words.
Related reading practice
Most children benefit from opportunities to practice accurate and fluent reading in stories.
The term decodable text is used to describe stories and other materials that use the
sound-letter relations the children are learning as well as a limited number of high-
frequency sight words. Decodable text may also contain a limited number of "special
words" that make the text more interesting. Decodable stories can provide children with
reading disabilities with the opportunity to practice what they are learning about letters and
sounds. For example, if the children know these sound-letter relations
- m /m/, s /s/, t /t/, p /p/, e /e/, and a /a/ and the special words the, elephant, said, no,
and thank you - they can read a story such as:
In addition to decodable books, many predictable and patterned books provide children
with engaging language and print experiences. These books may be most beneficial when
children are developing print awareness. Typically these books are not based on the sound
letter relations, spelling patterns, and sight words the children are learning. For example:
Two Cats Play
Two cats play on the grass.
Two cats play with yarn.
Two cats play with a ball.
Two cats play all day.
Two cats too tired to play.
Many children benefit from practice with stories that contain a high proportion of
decodable or familiar words. For some children, this sort of systematic approach is critical. Stories should "fit" the child's reading level. As children with reading disabilities become
more proficient, a wider range of books become readable to them. The decodability or
predictability of the books is no longer a constraint. There is little research that directly
address the level of decodability of texts that best facilitates children's reading fluency.
Different sources have recommended different levels of decodability. For example,
Anderson et al. (1985) and Juel (1994) both recommended approximately 90% of the
words in a story should be decodable. As children learn to read words, sentences, and
stories fluently, accurately, and automatically, they no longer have to struggle to identify
words and are free to pay closer attention to word meanings.
V.
Conclusion
Getting students to discover and practice the connections between letters and the sounds
they represents should be an important part of any English class routine. The following
activities can be adjusted to meet different levels and adapted to fit into any timeframe.
Please note that not every activity you do in class has to be extremely challenging. Simple
ideas that everybody is able to accomplish can work wonders with student confidence
which, in turn, can increase motivation. There is no set rule about how quickly or how
slowly to introduce soundletter relations. Obviously, it is important to gauge the rate of
introduction by the performance of the group of children with whom the program is being
used. Furthermore, there is no agreed on order in which to introduce soundletter relations.
The advice most often given is to avoid programs that teach all possible soundletter
relations before providing real reading practice. Rather, the soundletter relations should
be selected so that the children can read words as soon as possible. An effective program
may start with two or more single consonants and one or two short vowels. The children
can read words that are spelled with these letters. Then, more single consonants and more
short vowels are added, along with perhaps a long vowel. As each new soundletter
relation is introduced, the children read words spelled with those letters
VI. References
1 www.google.com
2 Smiles 1 Jenny DooleyVirginia Evans Express Publishing, 2016
3 Maidment, Stella, and Roberts, Lorena. Happy Street 1 Teacher’s Book.
Shanghai: Oxford University Press, 2007.
4 “Method.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. 1993 ed.
5 “Methodology.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. 1993 ed.
Scrivener, Jim. Learning Teaching. Oxford: Macmillan, 2005.
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
Teaching English Alphabet to young learners
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