Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей дневной формы обучения.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей дневной формы обучения. Цель данного пособия заключается в том, чтобы выработать у студентов навыки чтения, адекватного понимания и перевода текстов по специальности широкого профиля, а также активного владения основами грамматической системы современного английского языка.

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета академии.

LESSON ONE

Ex.1. Practice the reading.

►c

▪ process, facility, recent, cement, necessary, civil, discipline, specify, velocity, advance, announcement, incident, cylinder, cellular, descend, license, electricity, science, exceed;

▪ clay, helicopter, concourse, academy, concrete, crosstie, decay, component, company, calculate, carry, click, comfortable, faculty, communication, compact, conductor, decrease;

▪ concern, concept, capacity, cybernetics, cycle, circular, ceramic, circuit, practice, cancel, commerce, competence, council, bicycle, incandescent, specific, convince;

▪ access, accelerate, accept, accident, succeed, successful, accommodation, according, accumulator, accompany;

▪ efficient, commercial, politician, financial, artificial, official, special, specialist, speciality, specialization, especially, sufficient, association, sociable, provincial, appreciate, academician, ancient.

►g

▪ damage, flange, originate, register, engine, emergency, region, huge, technology, digital, oxygen, urgent, agency, barge, generation, ecology, generate, longitude, bridge, German, suggest, dangerous, change, passenger,margin,gyps;

▪ gravel, megabyte, agree, gang, regular, gasoline, gateway, graduate, ignite, cargo, goal, aggregate, degree, gasoline, gradient, angular, guide, guess;

▪ gauge, engage, garage, baggage, luggage;

BUT: gear, target, get, give, begin, bogie.

►аu, aw

▪ automobile, because, autonomous, launch, audit, fault, precaution, pause, audience, exhaust, automation, applaud, auction, hydraulic, author, audio, haulage, auxiliary, inauguration, awful, law, drawbridge, shawl; dawn, raw, awning; BUT: gauge, laugh.

Words and word combinations to be remembered

1) to achieve – достигать achievement – достижение 2) according to smth. – согласно чему-либо, в соответствии с чем-либо 3) as well as – а также 4) both ... and – как …, так и 5) branch – отрасль; филиал 6) to develop – развивать, разрабатывать development– развитие , разработка 7) to divide (into) – делить (на) 8) to equip with smth. – оборудовать чем-либо equipment – оборудование 9)to include – включать 10) to increase – увеличивать, возрастать increase – увеличение, рост 11) to last – длиться, продолжаться last – последний, прошлый 12) network – сеть 13) number– номер, количество a number of – ряд чего-либо, несколько 14) to operate – действовать, работать, эксплуатировать; приводить в движение operation– действие, работа, эксплуатация to put into operation – пускать в эксплуатацию 15) to pay attention to smth. – уделять внимание чему-либо 16) to provide with smth. – обеспечивать, снабжать чем-либо; предоставлять, давать 17) to require – требовать requirement – требование to meet requirements – отвечать требованиям 18)such as – такой как 19) term – семестр; термин 20) to train – готовить, обучать

Ex.8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verbs to be, to have and put questions to the underlined words.

1) Before 1973 our Institute was not large and had only one faculty. 2) The distance from here to the railway station is 5 kilometers. 3) Does she have a visa to enter France? 4) Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are the four rules of Arithmetic. 5) Old Russia had many talented railway engineers and inventors such as Frolov, Jartsev, the Cherepanovs, Polsunov. 6) Tomorrow you will have a lecture on Chemistry instead of a seminar in History: your teacher is on business trip. He will be at the Institute on Monday. 7) Road accidents are more frequent in rainy weather. 8) An automatic engine driver is a small-size computer with transducers. 10) High-class trains like “Russia”, “Irtysh”, “Siberia” and some others have high reputation and popularity. 11) This article is about a new high-speed railway. 12) We had seats in the first coach of the suburban train. 13) The motor is small but it has high power. 14) When I was a student I had a little spare time.

Ex.9. Use the verbs to be, to have in the required tense form and translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1) In the early mornings the traffic to be not very heavy. 2) To have he got a map of the London Underground? 3) The problems discussed at the last seminar to bevery interesting and the students to have a lot of questions to the teacher. 4) All the underground stations to be of the same size: 6 meters high, 100 meters long and 18 meters wide. 5) To have you got any time to help me translate this article? – Sorry, but I to be busy now, try to do it yourself. 6) The seats in the old bus to bevery uncomfortable. 7) Oxford and Cambridge to have much in common so they are often called together as Oxbridge. 8) Electrons in the atom to have the negative charge. 9) If you to have no telephone at home, you can use a call box in the street. 10) The experiment showed that the assumption to be wrong. 11) Their reports at the last conference to be very long but they to have no new ideas to offer. 12) The top speed of the first steam locomotive to be 13 miles per hour. 13) They to havean unpleasant voyage from New York to Liverpool because of the storm. 14) In spite of the dense fog the train to be not late. 15) It to be such a narrow road that it to be difficult for two cars to pass each other. 16) All the railwaymen to have the right of free travel by train once a year. 17) The text of the contract to be ready in an hour. 18) Large banks usually to have branches abroad.

Ex.10. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the construction there + to be.

1) There were several vacant seats in the bus when I got into it. 2) There are a lot of goods that can be transported by air. 3) There is usually a considerable increase in passenger traffic in summer. 4) There was no chance of getting tickets for this train. 5) There will be no trains today because the railroad workers are on strike. 6) Were there any telephone calls while I was out? 7) There were many accidents on this section of the road when it was icy. 8) How many stops will there be before the train reaches its destination? 9) There is a lot of snow therefore the trains might be late.10) The bus pulled up at the stop but to the disappointment of the people there was no room for everybody in it. 11) There is nothing better than a sea trip if you need a good rest. 12) In Britain you should always take your turn in the queue at a bus stop if there is one. 13) According to the weather forecast there will be snow tomorrow. 14) There was a terrible rush [суматоха] at the station when I came there. 15) When there were no traffic-lights at this intersection, there were a lot of accidents there. 16) There is a large garage on Seventh Street that provides work for eleven men. There is one man who meets the customers. There are two other men who take care of batteries. There is another man who washes cars. There arethree other men who sell gas and oil. There is another man who repairs wheels. There are two men who work with engines and there is one man who sells tires. There is no better place for automobile service.

Ex.11. Fill in the blanks with the verb to be in the required tense form.

1) There ___ specialized schools where you can get secondary education as well as good knowledge of English or German. 2) There ___ no bridge in this place and we took a boat to cross the river. 3) There ___ so many interesting excursions that he didn’t know which one to choose. 4) In Metro there ___ special pumps and fans that suck in the air from the street, purify it and make it warm or cool on its way to the station. 5) There ___ not enough time for us to catch the next train. 6) In the very first days of railways there ___ no signals and there ___ no need for them. 7) In Great Britain there ___ left-hand traffic and a foreign driver must be very attentive. 8) The construction of the first tunnels required much time, effort and money because there ___ no special equipment for it. 9) There ___ road works in the center streets of the city tomorrow that is why long traffic jams [дорожные пробки] are expected. 10) There ___ four pairs of sliding doors on each side of a Metro car. 11) The company closed down because there ___ not much demand for its products. 12) There ___ extra commuter trains at the next weekends.

Ex.12. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English, using the verbs to have, to be or the construction there + to be.

1) В этом журнале есть интересные статьи? – Да. Журнал очень интересный. Почитай его, если у тебя есть свободное время. 2) У Вас есть английский словарь? – Да, есть, но в нём только 1000 слов. 3) Наш институт находится недалеко от станции Метро. 4) Завтра лекции по физике не будет. Ваш преподаватель в Москве на конференции. 5) Вчера у нас была всего одна пара. 6) Какой экзамен был самым трудным для тебя? 7) В институтской библиотеке много новых книг. 8) У вас вчера был семинар по философии? 9) Тебе 20 лет? – Нет, мне будет 20 в следующем году. 10) Где ближайшая автобусная остановка? 11) В твоём диктанте было несколько ошибок. 12) У Ника есть телефон? – Да, есть. 13) Лондонский университет – самый большой ВУЗ Британии. 14) Он никогда не опаздывает на лекции и всегда очень внимательный.

Ex.13. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the tense form of the predicates in the Active Voice. Put general questions and special questions to the underlined words.

1) In Samara Metro trains run every 8 minutes. [How often...?] 2) Heavy snowstorms disorganized the movement of trains in this region. [Where…?] 3) The train will cover the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 3 hours if it moves at a speed of 250 km/h. [In what case…?] 4) At this railway station the stops of the trains last only five minutes. [How many…?] 5) Tomas Bouch designed the Tay Bridge in 1878 [When…?] and people called it as one of the wonders of the world. [How…?] 6) The last train arrives at midnight. [When…?] 7) If we drive at such a speed all the time, we shall get to the village before dark. [When…?] 8) Such engineers as Frolov, Yartsev, and Polsunov made great contribution to the development of railway transport in Russia. [Who…?] 9) The airplane crosses the Atlantic Ocean in about ten hours. [What…?] 10) It takes only 35 minutes to travel by train from Britain to France. [How long…?] 11) After the war the government granted great sums of money to renew railway equipment. [What…for?] 12) In England train passengers seldom converse with their fellow-travelers even on long journeys – this is more a national custom than a matter of etiquette. [Where…?] 13) The repair of railway track usually takes place in summer. [When…?] 14) Your train will leave from platform №2 in five minutes. [What…?] LILLIPUTIAN TRAIN*

One of Moscow designers* [to make– Present Indefinite] micro models of different vehicles* – this [to be– Present Indefinite] his hobby. His first model [to be –Past Indefinite] a plane; its weight [to be –Past Indefinite] 0.35 gr., it [to work –Past Indefinite] and [to make –Past Indefinite] several circuits in the air. In the last 10 years he [to construct –Past Indefinite] 8 unique working micro models. He [to make –Past Indefinite] them of wood with the help of a knife.

His collection [to include –Present Indefinite] a little locomotive and a car – thirteen and eighteen centimeters long respectively. The locomotive [to consist –Present Indefinite] of 2,566 separate parts and the car – of 1,035. It [to take –Past Indefinite] him 4 months to study the locomotive design and 15 months to build this model. The locomotive and the car [to work –Present Indefinite] like* full-size models, even down to* the gears* – including one for reverse*. There [to be –Present Indefinite] even a two-note whistle* 1 mm. long. You can control the whole operation from the locomotive.

Notes: lilliputian train – поезд-лилипут designer – конструктор

vehicle – транспортное средство like – как

reverse gear – шестерня заднего хода down to – вплоть до

whistle – свисток

Ex.15. Express the idea in the Present, Past and Future Indefinite (use the adverbials).

1) Passengers [to cross] the railway lines by the bridge. 2) A lab assistant [to show] the equipment to the students. 3) The automobile plant [to produce] 1,000 cars daily. 4) The students [to repeat] new words before the lesson. 5) He [to have] enough time to do this work. 6) Our dean [to deliver] a course of lectures on Physics. 7) The airplane [to leave] at noon. 8) The trains [to be late] because of track repair works. 9) The buses [to run] every five minutes. 10) The mechanic from the garage [to do] simple radio repair. 11) Summer holidays [to begin] in July. 12) It [to cost] a lot of money to go to England by air. 13) Robots [to substitute] people in some monotonous operations. 14) Railway lines [to connect] all parts of this country. 15) This company [to provide] us with all the necessary equipment. 16) We [to meet] every Sunday.

Ex.16. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the tense form of the predicates in the Passive Voice. Put general questions and special questions to the underlined words.

1) The traffic was stopped by the policeman so that the ambulance could pass. [Why…?] 2) The tickets will be checked by the conductor during the journey. [When…?] 3) Since Paris is located in the center of the country [Where…?],the passengers who spend a day in the capital can reach any city the same evening. 4) The renewal of signaling equipment on all the railroads will be financed by the government. [Whom…?] 5) More than a million students were enrolled to the institutes and universities of this country last year. [When…?] 6) The air in the London Underground is changed every quarter of an hour [How often…?] and the temperature is maintained at 69-79 degrees Fahrenheit all year round. 7) The trains of the future will be operated by automatic drivers. [Whom…?] 8) The first escalator was installed in the London Underground in 1911. [When…?] 9) The new car will be tested on the mountain roads. [Where…?] 10) A lot of roads in the USA were built by private companies [What…?] and are paid to use; they are called toll [платный]roads. 11) At the factory young workers are trained to use the new equipment. [Who…?]

The Samara State Railway Academy is one of the youngest state higher schools in the Samara Region. It trains qualified railway specialists for the Central European part of Russia. The Academy has a number of branches in such towns as Ufa, Orenburg, Orsk, and Rusayevka.

In 2003 our higher school celebrated its 30^th anniversary. In 1973 the first day-time applicants took entrance examinations. At that time there was only one faculty with 75 students. In 1975 it was divided into two faculties: Railway Construction and Railway Operation. With the railway transport development and modernization more and more qualified engineers of various specialities were required, that is why the number of students was increased.

At present about 10,000 students get higher education at day-time and extra-mural departments. Training is provided on 14 specializations such as: Railway Operation; Railway Construction, Track and Track Facilities; Automation, Telemechanics and Communication; Diesel and Electric Locomotives; Railway Cars; Accountancy and Audit; Power Supply; Railway Economics; Track Construction and Maintenance Machines; Information Systems; Tunnels and Bridges; Electric Public Transport. Students of the extra-mural department have the opportunity to get higher education combining their work with study. They are provided with paid annual leaves of 30 to 40 days for attending lectures, taking tests and exams; as well as a 4 month leave for preparing their graduation projects.

Entrance to the Railway Academy is by competitive examinations, which can be taken by anyone between the ages of 17 to 35 who has finished the secondary, vocational or technical school. Applicants are required to take 3 entrance exams such as Russian Language and Literature (composition), Physics, Mathematics. Some applicants are admitted on the basis of their results in the unified state examinations for the secondary school.

The complete course of studies at our higher school lasts 5 or 6 years for the day-time and extra-mural students respectively. The academic year is divided into 2 terms: from September to January and from February to July. Tests and exams are taken at the end of each term. During the period of learning every student must pass 35-40 term exams, not counting written and oral tests. If the results of the examinations are good, students receive grants which are given by the state or the enterprise which has sent him or her to study. Those students who progress successfully and combine studies with scientific-technical activities are paid 25% more. Twice a year there are vacations – two weeks in winter and two months in summer. Once a year every student can get a free railway ticket for traveling to any part of the country. Comfortable hostels are provided for those students who come for studying from other places.

The work-load of a student, including his individual out-of-classes work, is planned to take up approximately 50-55 hours a week. The first- and second-year students study such general engineering subjects as Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Technical Drawing, and a number of others. The study of foreign languages is also included in the program. Moreover the students of our Academy have a good chance to receive deep knowledge of English or German at language courses. In the third year students begin to study specialized subjects; special attention is paid to the development of students' abilities and skills in their chosen speciality. In the course of training, practical work occupies an exceptionally important place. Students have practical training in specially equipped labs and workshops and on the railway. The final year is devoted to working on a graduation project which is submitted to the State Examination Commission.

After the graduation from our Academy every student receives a diploma which gives him/her the right to work as an engineer, an economist or a book-keeper. For those students who want to continue their education this higher school has a post-graduate course.

Ex.23. Agree or disagree with the statements given below and add something to develop the situation. Use the following introductory phrases:

That's right I can't agree with you You are partly right To my mind

That's true Nothing of the kind Not quite As far as I know

1 quite agree with you You’re wrong In fact

It goes without saying I think that's nonsense I don’t know exactly

1)You can get higher education at vocational schools, technical schools and universities. 2) You like to take exams. 3) It was easy for you to enter the Institute. 4) You took three entrance exams. 5) Our Academy is headed by Rector. 6) There is only a day-time department at this Academy. 7) Our Academy has a large network of branches in the USA and Great Britain. 8) Students of our higher school are required to attend lectures and to miss seminars. 9) The students are provided with all the necessary books free of charge. 10) Such subjects as Technical Drawing, Physics, Literature and Music are included in the program of freshmen. 11) All the students of our higher school study two foreign languages: English and German. 12) English is your favorite subject. 13) The academic year is divided into two terms and at the end of each term students submit their graduation projects. 14) The laboratories of our Institute are equipped with out-of-date broken computers. 15) The course of studies lasts ten years. 15) You must combine work with study because you are an extra-mural student.

Ex.24. Using the questions given below, make up stories on the following topics:

STUDENTS' LIFE

1) What are students “sconced” [штрафовать] for?

In the old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were clergymen [священник], and their life was much more strict and disciplined than now. Friendship with young ladies was not allowed and the only women inside the college were washerwomen. The legend is that these had to be “old and ugly”.

The students eat their meals in the College dining-hall. At some Colleges there is an interesting tradition. It is known as “sconcing” [наложение штрафа на студентов за нарушение правил]. If a student comes late to dinner or he is not correctly dressed, or if he breaks one of the laws of behavior, then the senior student orders him to be “sconced”. A large silver cup, known as «sconce cup», filled with beer is brought and placed in front of him and he must drink it in one attempt without taking the cup from his lips (it holds two and a half pints, or 1,5 liters). If he can do it, then the senior student pays for it, if not, the cup is passed round and the student who has been “sconced” must pay for it.

2) What do the so-called “Bulldogs” do if a student whom they come up to runs away?

The students can stay out till twelve o'clock. Each evening a Proctor [административное лицо, в обязанности которого входит надзор за поведением студентов и наложение дисциплинарных взысканий] with two assistants, called “Bulldogs”, walks about the town keeping an eye on the students' behavior. If he sees a student breaking a rule he will come to him and say: “Are you a member of the University, sir?”, and if a student runs away, then “Bulldogs” run after him and if they catch him (they are chosen, it is said, because they are good runners), fine him.

Apart from fines a student may be dismissed from the University for one term.

3) In what case is “Boredom Button” pushed?

In most schools and universities teachers give their students marks for their work. All students hate a “D” and are happy if their teacher gives them an “A”. Now at one American University both the students AND the lecturers must work hard if they want good marks.

During classes the students give their lecturers marks. Each desk is equipped with a “Boredom Button”. If a student thinks that the lecture is boring he can press the special button. When he does this, a light at the back of the classroom is switched on. There is one light there for every student. The lecturer can look at the lights and he can see if his students think the class is interesting or boring. The lecturer can't see which students are pressing the buttons. So, the students can be completely honest. If too many lights come at the back of his class, a lecturer knows that he must do something quickly and make the class more interesting.

► -ture, -sure

▪ lecture, future, departure, mixture, expenditure, structure, puncture, fracture, manufacture, creature, fixture, curvature, feature, conjuncture, adventure, moisture;

▪ measure, pleasure, leisure, closure, disclosure, embrasure, treasure, treasury;

▪ BUT: sure, ensure, insurance.

► ea

▪ increase, conceal, mean, defeat, eager, treaty, feasible, heater, lead, reasonable, heaver, release, dean, dealer, leave, easy, beacon, lease, meaning, reach, treatment, weak.

▪ BUT: overhead, headway, tread, ready, steady, spread, instead, treadle, measure, pleasure, weather, meant, heavy; break; really, create, realize.

► pay attention to the letters which are not pronounced:

half, walk, talk, should, could, would, hour, high, height, straight, frighten, slightly, sight, alight, fight, might, midnight, freight, retighten, ought, weight, design, benign; sign, alignment, consignment, assign, what, wheel, wharf, whistle, wrong, wrist, write, wrench, shipwreck, deck, click, rack, reckon, stock, cockpit, know, knot, knock, knuckle, climb, comb.

Words and word combinations to be remembered

1) to appear –появляться; казаться 2) to approach – приближаться, подходить 3) to arrive – прибывать arrival – прибытие 4) average– средний 5) berth –спальная полка (в вагоне) lower berth –нижняя полка upper berth –верхняя полка 6) bridge– мост 7) to call – называть; вызывать; звонить so-called – так называемый 8)carriage– вагон 9) to carry – перевозить, транспортировать; нести 10)to change – менять, изменять(ся) to change (trains) – делать пересадку change – изменение; пересадка; сдача 11)compartment– купе 12)to connect – соединять, связывать connection– соединение, связь 13)crew –бригада, экипаж locomotive crew –локомотивная бригада train crew –поездная бригада 14) to depart – отправляться departure – отправление 15)destination– место назначения 16)discount– скидка 17)fare(s)– плата за проезд to pay the fare(s) – оплачивать проезд, брать билет(ы) 18)fast– быстрый, скорый 19)heavy –тяжёлый; интенсивный, сильный 20) to improve –улучшать, усовершенствовать improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование 21)junction– железнодорожный узел, узловая станция 22)necessary– необходимый 23)to notice – замечать notice –объявление 24)porter– носильщик 25)to propose – предлагать 26)to serve – служить, обслуживать service – услуга, обслуживание; перевозки 27)suburb– пригород suburban train – пригородный поезд, электричка 28)suitable –подходящий 29)terminal (terminus) – вокзал, конечная станция 30) ticket – билет single ticket – билет “туда” (билет в одном направлении) return ticket – билет “туда и обратно” 31)traffic – движение, перевозки traffic frequency – частота движения traffic jam – пробка на дороге 32) to try –пытаться, пробовать

Mind the prepositions

1) to arrive in(a city, a country) 11) to look for

2) to arrive at(a railway station, an airport) 12) to look forward to

3) to leave for (London) 13)to be in a hurry

4) to depart from(Moscow)for(Samara)14) to be atsomebody’s disposal

5) to get on (the train, the bus, etc.) 15) atthe railway station (airport)

6) to get off(the train, the bus, etc.) 16) to see somebody off

7) to get to17)to take notice of

8) to go by (train, bus, car, etc.) 18) a ticket for (the 12 o'clock train)

9) to transfer from(bus) to(train)19) a ticket (a train) to (Moscow)

10) to look at 20) on the train

Ex.2. Choose the word having an opposite meaning to:

1) expensive a) enormous; b) dear; c) cheap; d) suitable

2) fast a) rapid; b) quick; c) swift; d) slow

3) heavy a) light; b) intense; c) necessary; d) busy

4) low a) tall; b) average; c) high; d) small

5) frequently a) often; b) rarely; c) numerous; d) seldom

6) major a) large; b) small; c) main; d) minor

7) a stopping train a) a direct train; b) a local train; c) an express train; d) a fast train

8) to arrive a) to approach; b) to go; c) to depart; d) to appear

9) to get on a) to leave; b) to enter; c) to get into; d) to get off

10) to see off a) to look at; b) to meet; c) to get off; d) to part

11) to appear a) to arrive; b) to approach; c) to disappear; d) to suggest

1) There is so heavy traffic on this street during the rush hours that it is faster to ride a bike. 2) In some trains of high comfort passengers can order dinner or supper directly to his compartment. 3) In Europe double-deck passenger coaches are used in four- or five-car sets on suburban lines where traffic is very heavy. 4) The trains of Denver’s commuter network transport one million passengers a day but demand is at least three times that number. 5) It is more convenient to carry these goods by lorry than by rail. 6) This train is equipped with plush comfortable seats of an aircraft type and the time of its departure is very convenient for passengers. 7) You will find all the necessary information about the train movement in the railway-guide. 8) The diesel locomotive is not connected to the contact wire, like the electric locomotive, so it is especially suitable for shunting works. 9) In April 1998 there was a 300 km traffic jam on the N4 motorway [the main road from London to Wales]at the end of the Easter holidays. 10) The high-speed train running between Hiroshima and Kokura was entered in the Guinness Book of Records for the highest average speed – 261.8 km/h.

Ex.6. Choose the correct word and translate the sentences.

1) Passengers are required to show [passports; driver’s licenses; tickets] to conductors.

2) There is a [poster; advertisement; paper; notice] on the wall saying “Private Property. No Parking.”

3) It is so [dangerous; convenient; expensive; interesting] to have your own motor car because you don’t have to rely on the public transport.

4) Railway carriages that serve as restaurants are called [luggage vans; dining cars; passenger coaches; open-type cars].

5) If you are going abroad it’s [convenient; suitable; necessary] to have an entrance visa.

6) Various [subjects; locomotive crews; services] are proposed for passengers in high-class trains such as interurban telephone calls, branch press, medicare sets, food and security.

7) If you walk to work you will save $5 a week on bus [fares; traffic jams; drivers].

8) We [were late; changed; arrived; departed] at the airport in time to register and weigh our luggage.

9) When her car broke down, she had to [catch; take; transfer; miss] a taxi.

10) For the passengers’ [change; convenience; departure] the compartments of a sleeping car are equipped with mirrored sliding doors, loudspeakers, collapsible tables, ceiling lamps and wall lamps.

11) In New York a passenger may go by Metro all day long for the same fare, if he only changes [carriages; compartments; luggage; trains] but does not go out of the station.

12) The first bus developed by Shillibear [noticed; appeared; departed; disappeared] in London in 1861.

Ex.7. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions if necessary.

l) What is the fare ___ Washington ___ Montreal? 2) You can’t go ___ train ___ a ticket. 3) We were waiting ___ the train arrival ___ the platform. 4) There are 5 minutes left before the train departs ___ Manchester ___ Liverpool. 5) When we entered ___ the car, we opened the window because it was very stuffy ___ the compartment. 6) I was lucky to get tickets ___ the fast train ___ Moscow. 7) Several passers-by stopped to look ___ the strange bicycle out of curiosity. 8) My first impressions of England are connected ___ rain and fog. 9) The fare on the London Underground depends ___ the distance you travel. 10) ___ the time-table, the train is due to arrive ___ 12.30. 11) She seems to be ___ a hurry. It’s inconvenient to speak ___ her now. 12) You need not leave ___ the airport so early; I will give you a lift. 13) Passengers can buy tickets ___ the day ___ departure or reserve them ___ advance. 14). Two or more locos can be coupled together and operated ___ a single locomotive crew. 15) ___ the USA the average speed ___ trains ___ some lines reaches 90 miles (146 km) per hour. 16) There are waiting rooms ___ all railway stations where passengers may rest until it is time to board ____ the train. 17) Don’t bother! I’ll pay ___ all fares. 18) I am looking ___ my holiday. 19) I looked ___ my passport everywhere but couldn’t find it. 20) In the United States traveling ___ long-distance trains is not so popular as in many other parts ___ the world. 21) I want three first-class tickets ___ the “Red Arrow” ___ Friday ___ a separate compartment. 22) Is there a dining car ___ this train? 23) Which platform does the train ___ Paris leave ___? 24) Nobody took notice ___ his late arrival.

according to at [3] by [3] for [6] forward to from [3] in [5] on [6] of [3] to [4] with without

1) The car in front of him stopped so suddenly that he was not able to brake and smashed into it.	a) The plane was to take off at 5 a.m. and in this hurry-scurry she left the ticket on the table.
2) I am to return my library books today but I have no spare time at all.	b) You should ring her up and apologize.
3) I haven’t paid my monthly rent yet. Friday is the last day I can do it, but I am to leave for Moscow today. Can you help me?	c) He can speak English rather fluently, but that time he was so embarrassed that he was not able to say a word.
4) I am afraid, I was rude to Kate yesterday.	d) You should record the film. Have you got a VCR?
5) I have got an urgent work and my computer doesn’t work.	e) I’m sorry but I was not able to start my car and had to go by tram.
6) I have to prepare for a test but there is a film on TV I’ve wanted to see so much.	f) You should phone Nick. He has got clever fingers. I am sure he will be able to help.
7) Why are you so late? You should be more punctual.	g) You are to return the books today or you will have to pay a fine.
8) Can he speak English? He was dumb as a fish the whole evening.	h) You needn’t worry. I shall be able to go to the bank tomorrow and pay it.
9) Why did she have to come back home?	i) I can’t believe it! He is such a careful driver.

Ex.15. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English paying attention to the modal verbs and such expressions as:

It should (must, can) be saidthat…– Следует (необходимо, можно) сказать, что…

It should (must, can) be mentioned that…– Следует (необходимо, можно) упомянуть, что…

It should (must, can) be noted that…– Следует (необходимо, можно) отметить, что…

It should (must, can) be stressed that…– Следует (необходимо, можно) подчеркнуть, что…

1) Ей разрешили воспользоваться мобильным телефоном. 2) Вам придётся поторопиться, если вы хотите успеть на поезд. 3) Ему приходится ездить в командировки [to travel on business] каждый месяц. 4) Когда должен был прибыть поезд? 5) Он не смог завести [to start] машину. 6) Тебе следует быть более внимательным. 7) Он сможет быстро отремонтировать [to repair] компьютер. 8) Нам пришлось взять такси. 9) Он не смог принять участие в конференции. 10) Роберт должен уехать в Лондон сегодня вечером. 11) Ты сможешь проводить меня? 12) Необходимо сказать, что если ты хочешь говорить по-английски, тебе придется много [hard] работать. 13) Следует отметить, что любой инженер может дать тебе информацию по этому вопросу. 14) Я надеюсь, они смогли купить билет на последний поезд. 15) Ты можешь идти, я закончу работу сам. 16) Мы должны были встретиться на станции в 6 часов вечера. 17) Следует подчеркнуть, что она была вынуждена рассказать все полицейскому инспектору. 18) Следует отметить, что объявления на доске должны быть написаны заглавными буквами [in capital letters]. 19) Следует отметить, что людям в больших городах приходится тратить много денег на оплату проезда в общественном транспорте. 20) Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока [till] вы её не закончите.

Ex.16. TEST. Choose the right variant.

1) Passengers _____ come to the airport an hour before the take-off time.

a) are allowed to b) must c) will not able to d) needn’t

2) We usually go to the south by plane but tomorrow we _____ travel three by train as we didn’t make a reservation for the flight.

a) shall be allowed to b) needn’t c) shall have to d) should

3) You _____ phone me again, I never forget my promise.

a) need not b) must not c) can not d) are not allowed

4) I _____ take a bus because Martin gave me a lift.

a) did not have to b) am not able to c) was allowed to d) was to

5) When the new road is built, I _____ drive to work in under half an hour. Now I _____ spend much more time.

a) are able to b) shall be able to c) shall be allowed to d) could

a) have to b) should c) needn’t d) am allowed to

6) The pilot _____ land the plane on only one engine.

a) needn’t b) was able to c) should d) were allowed to

7) Airline passengers _____ use mobile telephones during the flight.

a) are able to b) are not allowed to c) were to d) needn’t

8) Stay here till she is free. I think you _____ wait long.

a) need not b) will not have to c) are not allowed to d) shouldn’t

9) According to the rules a football player _____ touch the ball with his hands.

a) is able to b) has to c) must not d) will be allowed to

10) Luckily I _____ find a taxi.

a) have to b) could c) was to d) shall not be allowed

11) You _____ shout, I am not deaf.

a) need not b) will not be able to c) are not allowed to d) can

12) The speed in cities _____ exceed 60 km per hour.

a) shouldn’t b) is to c) need not d) will be allowed to

13) It is a non-smoking carriage. You _____ smoke here.

a) must not b) should c) need not d) are allowed to

14) You _____ carry your driving license with you.

a) should b) are not allowed to c) will not be able to d) was to

15) You _____ answer the question if you don’t want to.

a) have to b) need not c) may d) will be able to

*The results of the test: If your score is 15-16 correct answers, you are doing just great; 11-14 stand for good knowledge; 7-10 mean you have some problems; if the number of your correct answers is less than 7, go and learn the rules.

Ex.17. Present Indefinite Active or Present Continuous Active? Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense form.

1) Many foreign tourists [to travel] in our country at present. 2) A person with a good education usually [to get] a better job. 3) The train is late because the workers [to repair] the track. 4) As a rule the workers [to repair] the track in summer. 5) Look! Two aircrafts [to fly] in the dark sky. 6) This fast train always [to arrive] on schedule. 7) This section of track [to need] reconstruction. 7) The problem of ecology [to become] one of the most important problems for mankind now. 8) Englishmen very seldom [to talk] on the Underground. They [to prefer] to read newspapers. 9) My TV set [to work] better now because we have installed the external antenna. 10) I can’t talk to you because I [to hurry]. 11) The phone [to ring]. Can you answer it? 12) The arrow of compass always [to point] to the North. 13) Nowadays the railways in the USA [to transport] only 0.6 per cent of passengers. 14) … all these passengers [to wait] for the suburban train arrival? 15) … you often [to receive] letters from your former group-mates? 16) Please, don’t make much noise. The students [to write] a test. 17) … he usually [to buy] one-way or round trip tickets? 18) What berth … you [to prefer] to travel by? 19) Where is John? – He [to meet] his friends at the airport. 20) What platform …our train [to depart] from? 21) What … you [to look for]? – I [to look for] my umbrella. Look out of the window, it [to rain] cats and dogs.

Ex.18. Past Indefinite Active or Past Continuous Active? Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense form.

1) We [to arrive – Past Indefinite Active] at the railway station when the train [to approach – Past Continuous Active] the platform. 2) The overall control of the system [to do – Present Continuous Passive] by computers. 3) Can you tell me who [to sit – Present Continuous Active] next to you? 4) He [to drive – Past Continuous Active] home when he [to hear – Past Indefinite Active] the news on the radio. 5) A lot of people [to wait – Past Continuous Active] for the bus arrival at the stop. 6) At present 2,500 km of high-speed lines [to construct – Present Continuous Passive] in Europe and Asia. 7) You [to catch – Future Indefinite Active] the train, if you [to hurry – Present Indefinite Active] up. 8) Steel rails [to use – Past Indefinite Passive] in the USA for the first time in 1863. 9) The experiment [to be – Past Indefinite Active] very interesting, it [to watch – Past Continuous Passive] with great attention. 10) Competition between transport modes [to intensify – Present Continuous Active] now. 11) The guide [to speak –Present Indefinite Active] English, German and Spanish, but he [to speak –Future Continuous Active] Spanish this afternoon because most of the visitors [to be –Present Indefinite Active] from Spain.

Ex.23. TEST. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.

1) When I came to Baku in 1962, the first Metro line ___ there.

a) was building b) was built c) was being built d) will be built

2) The bridge ___the island to the mainland.

a) is joining b) joins c) is joined d) was being joined

3) The movement of trains is restricted on that section of the line because it ___.

a) is being repaired b) will repair c) was being repaired d) repairs

4) Such materials as reinforced concrete [железобетон] and steel ___ widely for the construction of modern bridges.

a) are used b) were being used c) will be used d) use

5) In the compartment passengers usually ___ their suitcases into a special box under the lower berth.

a) are put b) are putting c) put d) will be put

6) The train ___ Moscow; let’s start packing.

a) approaches b) is approaching c) will approach d) was approaching

7) Evidently the car ___ at a high speed so at this steep turn the crash was inevitable.

a) was going b) went c) is going d) will go

8) Last year many valuable minerals ___ by geologists in the North.

a) are discovered b) were discovering c) were discovered d) discover

9) Look! Somebody ___ to open your car.

a) will try b) tries c) is trying d) is being tried

10) He ___ to buy a car but first he must learn to drive.

a) want b) wants c) will want d) wanted

11) When he came into the office the secretary ___ a crossword puzzle.

a) is doing b) was doing c) did d) was being done

12) At the end of May the students ___ for their examinations.

a) will be preparing b) prepares c) are preparing d) shall be prepared

13) In Spain first class train passengers ___ with free newspapers and at-seat meals.

a) are provided b) provide c) are being provided d) was being provided

14) A beautiful bridge ___ in our city. It will be finished next year.

a) is being built b) was built c) is building d) will built

15) Someone ___ you. Will you answer the phone?

a) calls b) called c) is calling d) will be calling

*The results of the test: If your score is 14-15 correct answers, you are doing just great; 11-13 stand for good knowledge; 8-10 mean you have some problems; if the number of your correct answers is less than 8, go and learn the rules.

1) Automobile companies are working now at the development of an electric super car. [What…?] 2) The cars may be parked here after 5 p.m. [When…?] 3) Long steel bars on which the trains run are called the rails. [What…?] 4) The accident happened on the bridge. [Where…?] 5) Our train is standing at the platform №4 ready to leave. 6) Express trains stop only at large stations on their way. [What…?] 7) We were going to the railway station along the railway track. [Who…? Where…?] 8) The plant will produce a new model of the car next year. [When…?] 9) Telegraph cables are usually laid under the ground. [Where…?] 10) The plane was flying so low that we could see the pilot. [What height…?] 11) There are discounts only for return tickets. [What…?] 12) No planes took off on that day because of low clouds. [Why…?] 13) In Britain people drive on the left-hand side. [What country…?] 14) Passengers should keep their tickets till the end of the trip. [How long…?] 15) The “Repin” train departs from St. Petersburg’s Finlandsky terminal. [What…?] 16) Fares are being collected by a driver himself. [Whom…?]

TEXT A

Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.

MISTAKEN IDENTITY

(after M. Twain)

Several years ago I arrived in New York, where I was to change trains and take a sleeper. There were crowds of people on the platform, and they were all trying to get into the long sleeper train, which was already crowded. I asked the young man in the booking office if I could have a sleeping-berth and he answered: “No”. I went off and asked another local official if I could have some poor little corner somewhere in a sleeping car, but he interrupted me angrily saying: “No, you can’t, every corner is full. Now do not bother me any more” and he turned his back and walked off. I felt so hurt that I said to my companion: “If these people knew who I was, they… .” But my companion stopped me there: “Don’t talk such nonsense,” he said, “if they knew who you were, do you think it would help you to get a vacant seat in a train which has no vacant seats in it?”

This did not improve my mood at all but then I noticed that the porter of a sleeping car was looking at me. I saw the expression of his face suddenly change. He whispered to the conductor, pointing to me and I realized I was being talked about. Then the conductor came forward, his face all politeness.

“Can I be of any service to you?” he asked. “Do you want a place in a sleeping car?”

“Yes,” I said. “I will be very grateful to you if you can give me a place, anything will do.”

“We have nothing left except the big family compartment,” the conductor continued, “with two berths and a couple of arm-chairs in it. It is entirely at your disposal. Here, Tom, take these suitcases aboard!”

Then he touched his hat and moved along. The porter made us comfortable in the compartment and then he said, with many bows and smiles:

“Is there anything you want, sir? Because you can have just anything you want.”

“Can I have some hot water?” I asked.

“Yes, sir, I’ll get it myself.”

“Good! Now this lamp is hung too high above the berth. Can I have a better lamp fixed just at the head of my bed below the luggage rack, so that I can read comfortably?”

“Yes, sir. The lamp you want is just being fixed in the next compartment. I will get it from there and fix it here. It will burn all night. Yes, sir, you can ask for anything you want, the whole railroad will be turned inside out to please you.” And he disappeared.

I smiled at my companion and said:

“Well, what do you say now? Didn’t their attitude change the moment they understood I was Mark Twain?” My companion did not answer. So I added: “Don’t you like the way you are being served? And all for the same fare.”

As I was saying this, the porter’s smiling face appeared in the door way and this speech followed:

“Oh, sir, I recognized you the minute I set my eyes on you.”

“Is that so, my boy?” I said, handing him a good tip. “Who am I?”

“Mr. McClellan, Mayor of New York,” he said and disappeared again.

I usually ___ by train, because it’s only a bit slower than the plane and it’s more reliable. It ___ $100 return. The journey ___ about 4 hours. I usually ___ the 10.30 train, which ___ New York at 2 p.m. It’s comfortable and always ___ on time.

Now it’s your turn to tell your friend how you get or can get →1) from Samara to your native town; 2) from Samara to Moscow; 3) from Moscow to Vladivostok; 4) from Moscow to London; 5) from Paris to London; 6) from Samara to Washington. Use your imagination.

Ex.32. Read the following dialogues in pairs replacing Russian words by their English equivalents.

Dialogue 1

Passenger – I want билет в Springfield.

Clerk– Which Springfield? There are разные Springfields…

Passenger – I suppose Springfield, Massachusetts, is the cheapest. It is the closest to here anyway. Fortunately, it is also the Springfield I want to go to. What is плата за проезд, please?

Clerk – Six dollars and eighty cents for билет “туда”, eleven dollars and fifty cents for билет “туда и обратно”.

Passenger – Когда отправляется ближайший поезд?

Clerk – Есть поезд в 4.10. There is also another at 7.20 сегодня вечером.

Passenger – Are they both прямые поезда?

Clerk – The 4.10 is скорый поезд and делает только одну остановку in New Heaven. It прибывает в Springfield at 9.30. The second is поезд, который идёт со всеми остановками and takes about полтора часа longer.

Passenger – Is there вагон ресторан on both trains?

Clerk – There is вагон ресторан on the 4.10. The 7.20 has only a snack bar. They as usual serve sandwiches and coffee, drinks, etc.

Passenger – …

What train would you choose if you were the passenger? Complete the dialogue.

[Ted and Ben, who are about 14, have been allowed by their parents to поехать за город на поезде for a day. They make themselves comfortable in an empty купе. Suddenly Ben sees Ted’s билет lying on the seat. He moves it up, берёт его и кладёт в карман. He says nothing to Ted.]

Ted –Где мой билет? I had it a minute ago.

Ben –You’d better поискать его. Контролёр will be here через минуту. If you can’t показать him your ticket, he’ll make you платить double.

Ted –But у меня нет enough money. Что же мне делать?

[Ted gets up, turns out his pockets, ищет билет на полу, but all this doesn’t help.]

Ben –У меня есть хорошая идея.

Ted –What is it?

Ben –You get under the seat till he has gone. I’ll sit over you and hide you with my legs. Он не заметит тебя. As soon as he has gone, you can come out.

Ted –He’ll be here any minute. Мне залазить под кресло right now?

Ben –Yes, you’d better. And don’t move while он в вагоне.

[Ted gets under the seat. Контролёр comes along. Ben hands him two tickets.]

Insp. –Чей это билет?

Ben –Oh, that’s my friend’s.

Insp. –Where has he gone?

Ben –Nowhere. Он под креслом.

Insp. –И что он там делает?

Ben –Oh, ему нравится путешествовать под креслом, aren’t you, Ted?

Ted[getting out from under the seat] –All right! I’ll pay you back for this. Just you подожди.

Change dialogue 4 to a story, using the following words and expressions.

to buy tickets for the commuter train; to get on the train; to make oneself comfortable; to play a trick; to put the ticket in the pocket; to look for the ticket; to have a good idea; to get under the seat; to enter the compartment; to hand the inspector two tickets; to be fond of traveling under the seat; to pay Ben back for this trick.

☻TEXT B.

HOW TO AVOID TRAVELING

(after G. Mikes)

Travel is the name of a modern disease, which started in the mid-fifties and is still spreading. The patient grows restless in the early spring and starts rushing about from one travel agency to another, collecting useless information about the places he doesn’t intend to visit. Then, he or usually she, will do a round of shops* and spend much more than he or she can afford. Finally in August, the patient will board a plane, a train, a bus or a car and go to foreign countries along with thousands of his fellow-countrymen, not because he is interested in or attracted by some place, nor because he can afford to go but simply because he cannot afford not to. The result is that in the summer months (and in the last few years during the winter season too) everybody is on the move**.

What is the aim of traveling? Each nationality has its own different one. The Americans want to take photographs of themselves in different places. The idea is simply to collect documentary proof that they have been there. The German travels to check up on his guidebooks. Why do the English travel? First, because their neighbor does. Secondly, they were taught that travel broadens the mind***. But mainly they travel to avoid foreigners. I know many English people who travel in groups, stay in hotels where even the staff is English, eat roast beef and Yorkshire pudding on Sunday and steak-and-kidney pies on weekdays, all over Europe. The main aim of the Englishman abroad is to meet people, I mean, of course, nice English people from the next door or from the next street. It is possible, however, that the mania for traveling is coming to an end. A Roman friend of mine told me: “I no longer travel at all. I stay here because I want to meet my friends from all over the world.” “What exactly do you mean?” I asked. “It is simple,” he explained. “Whenever I go to London my friend Smith is in Tokyo and Brown is in Sicily. If I go to Paris, my friends are either in London or in Spain. But if I stay in Rome all my friends, I’m sure, will turn up at one time or another****. The world means people to me. I stay here because I want to see the world. Besides, staying at home broadens the mind.”

Notes: *to do a round of shops – идти от одного магазина к другому, покупая что-либо

**to be on the move – путешествовать

***to broaden the mind – расширять кругозор

****at one time or another – раньше или позже

Ex.34. True or false? Correct the statements which do not correspond to the contents of text C.

1) Travel is the name of a modern disease, which started in the mid-forties. 2) People begin thinking about traveling in the early spring. 3) Preparing for the trip, he or she spends more than he or she can afford. 4) In November people board planes, trains, buses, subway or cars and go to foreign countries. 5) In summer everybody stay at home. 6) Each nationality has its own aim of traveling. 7) The Americans travel because they want to check up on their guidebooks. 8) The English travel abroad to avoid foreigners and to meet nice English people. 9) The German travels all over Europe to eat roast beef and Yorkshire pudding. 10) Staying at home broadens the mind.

TEXT D

Have you ever read any English books in the original? The text given below is taken from the famous A. Christie’s story. Try to translate it, consulting a dictionary as little as possible.

Mrs. McGillicuddy was going along the platform, trying to catch up with the porter who was carrying her suitcase. Mrs. McGillicuddy was burdened with a large number of parcels; the result of a day’s Christmas shopping. Platform No 1 was rather crowded; people were rushing in several directions at once, to and from undergrounds, left-luggage offices, tea-rooms, enquiry offices, indicator boards, to the outside world.

Mrs. McGillicuddy and her parcels were buffeted to and fro, but she arrived at last at the entrance to Platform No 3 and deposited one parcel at her feet while she was looking her bag for the ticket that would enabled her to pass stern uniformed guardian at the gate.

At that moment, a loud voice burst into speech over her head. “The train standing at Platform 3” the voice told her, “is the 4.50 for Brackhampton, Milchester and Roxeter. Passengers for Brackhampton travel at the rear of the train. Passengers for Carvil change at Roxeter”. The voice shut itself off with a click and then reopened conversation by announcing the arrival at Platform No. 9 of the 4.00 from Birmingham.

Mrs. McGillicuddy found her ticket and presented it. The man clipped it, murmured: “On the right-rear portion.” Mrs. McGillicuddy found her porter outside the door of a third-class carriage. “Here you are, lady.” – “I’m traveling first-class,” said Mrs. McGillicuddy. “You didn’t say so,” grumbled the porter. He took the suitcase and marched with it to the adjoining coach. The 4.50 was almost empty, as the first-class passengers preferred either the faster morning express or the 6.40 with a dining car. Mrs. McGillicuddy handed the porter his tip, which he received with disappointment, considering it more suitable to third-class than to first-class travel. But Mrs. McGillicuddy, though prepared to spend money on comfortable travel after a night journey from the North and a day’s feverish shopping, was at no time an extravagant tipper.

She made herself comfortable on the plush cushions with a sigh and opened a magazine. Five minutes later, whistles blew, and the train started. Three minutes later she was asleep. She slept for forty minutes and awoke refreshed. It was quite dark now. “Serving last tea now,” said an attendant, opening the corridor door. But Mrs. McGillicuddy had already had tea at a large department store. She looked up at the rack where her various parcels reposed, with a pleased expression. Her satisfied gaze returned to the window; a train traveling in the opposite direction rushed by with a screech, making the windows rattle. The train passed through a station. Then it began suddenly to slow down, probably in obedience to a signal. For some minutes it crawled along, stopped; and then began to move forward again, gathering speed. For a time two trains ran parallel, now one gaining a little, now the other. Mrs. McGillicuddy looked from her window through the windows of the parallel carriages. Most of the blinds were down, but occasionally the passengers of the carriages were visible. The other train was not very full and there were many empty coaches. Suddenly in one of the compartments of the passing train Mrs. McGillicuddy saw a man. His hands were round the throat of a woman who faced him; he was slowly, remorselessly strangling her.

Ex.1. Practice the reading.

► tion, sion

▪ preparation, election, protection, inspection, injection, destination, computerization, condition, reduction, demagnetization, contamination, introduction, contribution, attention, stationary, acceleration, dictionary, detection, application, gravitation, deviation, ignition, competition, mention, motion, civilization, conventional, constructional;

▪ session, conversion, compression, permission, confession, dimension, suspension, depression, expansion,transmission,extension, professional,collision, precision, decision, confusion, fusion, corrosion, division, explosion, adhesion, abrasion, occasional.

► ar, er, or, ur, ir

▪ discard, cargo, artery, compartment, depart, charter, debark, barge, enlarge, apart, arc, charge, hardly, parking, starter, article, alarm, parcel;

▪ BUT: warm, warn, award, warrant;

▪ internal, terminal, transfer, alert, berth, concern, serve, emerge, service, personal, commercial, convert, permanent, defer, advertisement, converge, per, alternative, certain, refer, mercury, reserve;

▪ perform, formula, reinforce, ordinary, extraordinary, ore, accord, enormous, retort, cordon, absorb, border, corporation, disorder, forward, incorporate, record, normally, transform, support;

▪ BUT: worth, word, worm, world;

▪ urgent, surface, turbine, furnace, occur, disturb, surname, interurban, suburban, curve, turn, return, further, purpose, survey, furbish, burst, spur, absurd, burden, cursor, curb;

▪ firm, circuit, birth, circular, swirl, confirm, first, third, birch, shirk, smirk, affirm.

Words and word combinations to be remembered

1) to consider – считать, полагать; учитывать, принимать во внимание 2) to cover – проходить, преодолевать (расстояние); охватывать; покрывать 3)to delay – задерживать(ся), опаздывать 4) to design – проектировать, конструировать design – проект, конструкция 5) double-track line –двухпутная линия 6) to draw (drew, drawn) – тянуть, тащить 7) to drive (drove, driven) – ехать, везти, вести; приводить в движение 8) engine – двигатель; локомотив 9) freight – груз(ы) 10) to fuel –заправлять топливом fuel –топливо 11)gauge – ширина колеи, колея narrow-gauge railway – узкоколейная железная дорога broad-gauge railway – ширококолейная железная дорога 12) to invent – изобретать invention – изобретение inventor – изобретатель 13) to invite – приглашать invitation – приглашение 14) main – основной, главный mainline – магистраль mainly – в основном 15) to mean (meant, meant) – значить, означать; иметь в виду means of transport – средство транспорта means of communication – средство связи 16) to move – двигаться movement – движение 17) to power – приводить в движение power – сила, мощность, энергия powerful – мощныйmotive power – движущая сила horse-powered –приводимый в движение лошадьми 18) to produce –производить, создавать production – производство, изготовление 19) railway track – железнодорожный путь (полотно) 20) to replace – заменять replacement – замена 21) route – линия, маршрут en route – в пути 22) sleeper – шпала; спальный вагон 23) steam – пар 24) vehicle – транспортное средство 25) wheel – колесо

1) to replace smth. by (with) smth.5)at a speed of9) due to

2) to speak tosmb. about (of) smth.6)by means of10) owing to

3) to preventsmb./ smth. fromdoing smth.7) in order to11) thanks to

4) to invite smb. to 8) because of

Ex.2. Describe the relationship between each of the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither).

1) to invent/ to invite 11) freight/ cargo/ load/ goods

2) narrow/ broad 12) means of transport/ mode of transport

3) to produce/ to manufacture 13) fast/ slow

4) heavy/ light 14) to move/ to run/ to travel

5) to operate/ to drive/ to propel/ to power 15) motive power/ tractive power

6) sleeper/ crosstie/ tie 16) to replace/ to substitute/ to change

7) movement / traffic 17) to invent/ to devise

8) to draw/ to pull/ to haul 18) mainline/ trunk line

9) to use/ to apply 19) to pull/ to push

10) means of transport/ by means of 20) to delay/ to detain

Ex.3. Match the words in the left column with their translation on the right.

1) cast iron	a) бетонная шпала
2) concrete sleeper	b) вагонеточные пути
3) driving wheel	c) ведущее колесо
4) to gain experience	d) виадук
5) internal combustion engine	e) двигатель внутреннего сгорания
6) jet engine	f) деревянная шпала
7) manual labor	g) изыскательская работа (партия)
8) self-propelled vehicle	h) накапливать опыт
9) service life	i) паровой двигатель
10) steam engine	j) реактивный двигатель
11) surveying work (party)	k) ручной труд
12) tram ways	l) самоходное транспортное средство
13) viaduct	m) срок службы
14) wooden sleeper	n) чугун

Translate the sentences given below from Russian into English.

1) Машины заменили тяжёлый ручной труд строителей железных дорог. 2) Срок службы бетонных шпал – 40-50 лет. 3) Первые вагонеточные пути использовались на шахтах [a mine] для перевозки угля [coal]. 4) В России первое самоходное транспортное средство было изобретено И.П. Кулибиным в 18 веке. 5) Реактивные двигатели работают на керосине [kerosene]. 6) Первый паровоз отца и сына Черепановых имел четыре колеса, два из которых были ведущими. 7) Деревянные рельсы были недолговечными [short-lived], поэтому их сначала заменили чугунными, а затем стальными. 8) Существуют различные типы двигателей внутреннего сгорания: такие как дизельный, бензиновый, электрический, реактивный. 9) С изобретением парового двигателя начался новый этап [stage] в развитии транспорта. 10) Люди накопили большой опыт в сооружении мостов и виадуков.

Ex.4. Translate the words given in the box into English.

Бетонный двигатель замена из-за изобретение конструкция мощный пар паровой двигатель

Проходить срок службы считать топливо тянуть транспортное средство шпала энергия

1) The driver of the [steam locomotive; vehicle; electric car] may be fined by the police officer if he violates the traffic rules or drives under the influence of alcohol.

2) George M. Pullman not only [required; invented; replace] the sleeping car, he also was the first to design and build the [restaurant car; wheel; steam engine].

3) Aircrafts are not able to [move; carry; pull] a lot in weight and are used mainly for transporting mail, people and valuable [goods; passengers; freight]. [Heavy; light; narrow] loads are usually transported by freight trains.

4) Your car is in good condition but you have to [improve; use; replace] worn-out tires.

5) Electric train can be [driven; propelled; powered] either by electric locomotive or by motor cars.

6) The invention of the [fuel; double-track railway; steam engine] aroused great interest; it was much spoken and written about.

7) The first [electric; jet; steam] locomotives were not strong and they often broke down.

8) An atomic icebreaker needs only a few grams of [coal; diesel fuel; atomic fuel] a week, whereas an ordinary icebreaker needs more than 100 tons of fuel a day.

9) The underground is a very convenient [means of transport; form of transport; vehicle] but it does not suit me because I live a long way from the station.

10) There were many passengers at the airport on New Year’s Eve as many flights were [delayed; required; prevented] because of the snowstorm.

11) New plastic and synthetic materials are widely [applied; used; substituted] for the interior and exterior finishes of carriages.

12) As the railways now have a [standard gauge; narrow gauge; broad gauge], it is possible to travel over several lines without changing bogies [тележка].

Ex.6. Read the following sentences, replacing the Russian words by their English equivalents. Be careful with Grammar!

1) Werner von Siemens [создавать] the first experimental [электровоз]. 2) There was something wrong with the front [колесо] of the car. 3) Box cars [использоваться] for [перевозка грузов] which [требовать] protection from the weather. 4) There was some [двигатель] trouble and the driver asked the passengers to [выходить] the bus. 5) On the first railways [шпала] were laid down along [железнодорожный путь]; nowadays [шпала] are laid down transversely. 6) Samuel Morse [изобретать] a code in which letters of the alphabet [заменять] by dots and dashes. 7) At the railway stations there are announcement boards that inform passengers when and to what [путь] the train [прибывать]. 8) A dispatcher controls [движение поездов] over a definite section of [путь]. 9) The construction of new railway lines is always preceded by long and thorough [изыскательская работа]. 10) In the past the word «engineer» [означать] [конструктор двигателей]. 11) The trains [задерживать] [в пути] by the snowstorm for a couple of hours. 12) After the accident they had to [заменять] [топливный] tank. 13) When the first [самоходное транспортное средство] appeared, measures were taken to limit their speed in many countries.

Ex.7. Pay attention to compound prepositions: according to, as far as, because of, by means of, due to, in addition to, in front of, in order to, on account of, owing to, thanks to, in spite of. Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.

1) Because of bad weather…	a) due to careless driving.
2) He ran across the street…	b) the Metro station with you.
3) Everything went…	c) on account of low clouds.
4) The accident has happened…	d) in order to catch the bus.
5) No planes took off on that day…	e) according to the plan.
6) In addition to the usual methods of computation…	f) the passenger service in the city was improved.
7) I will go as far as…	g) the train was not late.
8) By means of telephone…	h) they used computers.
9) Is there a bus stop…	i) the number of accidents went down.
10) Owing to the establishment of the new trolley-bus route…	j) people communicate with each other at great distance.
11) Thanks to the new system of regulations…	k) the match was postponed for a week.
12) In spite of the dense fog…	l) in front of your house?

1) ___ the information received by us the ship will arrive on the 10^th of April. 2) I go by bus ___ the State Library and then walk a few blocks to my office. 3) ___ his help we finished our work early. 4) Taking off the plane was delayed ___ a heavy rain. 5) The dispatcher can communicate with the loco driver over long distances ___ a radiotelephone. 6) The new equipment was used ___ test the vibration of the engine. 7) ___ the trouble in the engine there appeared another in the transmission. 8) The work is going on ___ the schedule. 9) He was late ___ heavy traffic. 10) The Metro station is ___ my house. 11) ___ the new project, the railway will be extended ___ the seaport. 12) ___ win in the competition with air transport, the efficiency and quality of freight and passenger services must be improved. 13) The train departure had not been delayed ___ the accident. 14) ___ this device we can carry out more operations in shorter time. 15) ___ the problem with the car, we enjoyed the journey very much. 16) The engine didn't operate well ___ bad fuel. 17) ___ to sails the boat was also supplied with a motor. 18) No traffic was allowed ___ the accident. 19) In big ports ships are loaded and unloaded ___ powerful cranes. 20) ___ the traffic lights ahead, the car continued moving at the same speed. 21) It is necessary to build good roads ___ promote the rapid development of this region. 22) D.I. Mendeleyev arranged chemical elements ___ their atomic weights.

according to [4] as far as [2] because of [2] by means of [3] due to in addition to [2] in front of in order to [3] on account of owing to in spite of [3]

Ex.9. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions if necessary. Consult the box.

1) Their decision will depend ___ how interesting your offer is. 2) Steam locomotives were not able to haul very heavy trains ___ a high speed. 3) There were no means of direct communication ___ the telephone was invented. 4) He was invited ___ the conference but he didn't accept the invitation. 5) The fog prevented the planes ___ taking off. 6) The traffic in the city centre was delayed ___ the demonstration. 7) This new train develops a very high speed since it is equipped ___ powerful engines. 8) Steel which is used ___ the production ___ rails must be of high quality. 9) The incandescent lamp was invented ___ Thomas Edison. 10) There are a number ___ questions I'd like to speak ___ you ___. 11) The switch [стрелочный перевод] is the mechanism which is used to move the trains ___ one track ___ another. 12) The management of the Oktyabrskaya Railway pays much attention ___ the improvement of passengers’ service ___ the terminals 13) The railway station is an hour’s drive ___ my house. 14) The first passenger cars were lighted ___ candles; later candles were replaced ___ oil and gas lamps.

about at [2] before by [4] for from [3] on of [2] to [4] with

1) В 1994 году Париж стал для лондонцев ближе, чем Глазго [Glasgow], потому что железнодорожный тоннель под Ла-Маншем [the Channel Tunnel] был открыт для движения. 2) Щебёнка [broken stone] – самый подходящий материал для балласта. 3) КПД [efficiency] электровозов в четыре раза выше, чем КПД паровозов. 4) В настоящее время некоторые самолёты летают быстрее звука. 5) Где находится ближайшее почтовое отделение? 6) Благодаря компьютерам мы обрабатываем [to process] информацию в миллион раз быстрее. 7) Билет в плацкартный вагон стоит дешевле, чем в спальный, потому что спальные вагоны более удобные. 8) Самый длинный автомобильный [road] тоннель в мире соединяет Францию и Италию. Он построен под [beneath] самой высокой горой Европы Монблан [Mont Blanc]. 9) Бетонные шпалы более надёжные, чем деревянные, и они служат [to last] дольше. 10) Железная дорога Москва-Санкт Петербург – самая старая и самая знаменитая магистраль в нашей стране.

Ex.15. Past Indefinite or Present Perfect? Put the verb into the correct tense form.

1) I [to lose] my passport last month, and nobody [to find] it yet. 2) Two years [to pass] since he left. 3) They [to move] to Washington several years ago. 4) The engineer [to show] his foreign friends the bridge in the building of which he [to take part] in 1980. 5) He [not/ to decide] yet what to do. 6) We [to know] each other since childhood. 7) The journalists [to ask] me many questions at the yesterday’s interview. 8) When … you [to arrive] in Prague? – I [to arrive] here last September. So I [to live] in this city for three months. 9) Are you still studying or … you already [to find] a job? 10) I [to rush] to the platform and [to get] on the train. 11) The coffee I [to buy] last week is very good but very expensive. 12) We [to learn] a lot of words and grammatical rules lately. 13) All my money [to steal] on the way to the airport yesterday and I couldn’t fly anywhere. 14) Mail just [to deliver] by the helicopter 15) …you ever [to visit] other countries? – Yes, I [to be] to France and Spain. 16) Today I [to invite] to give a talk on the radio. 17) Don’t worry! The equipment already [to pack]. 18) We first [to come] to this town more than 20 years ago. Everything [to change] in the town since that time. 19) The nearest way to the station [to show] to them an hour ago, but they [not/ to arrive] yet. 20) She [to ask] the clerk if all the trains arrive on time here.

Ex16. Past Indefinite, Past Continuous or Past Perfect? Put the verb into the correct tense form.

1) I didn’t convince the inspector that I [to lose] my ticket only some moments before. 2) They spoke so quickly that I didn’t understand what they [to talk] about. 3) While we [to wait] for the train, it [to start] to rain. 4) We knew that the 2 o’clock train [to leave] already and decided to go by bus. 5) Before I came to the office the manager already [to sign] the documents. 6) I [to see] you from the bus yesterday. Where … you [to hurry] at that time? 7) Where … you [to be] at about three yesterday afternoon? – Oh, I [to repair] my car at that time. 8) The journey from Paris to London [to take] much longer before the Channel Tunnel was built. 9) The police officer [to ask] me what I [to do] at the time when the accident took place. 10) The station master [to say] that no trains [to arrive] at the station during the night because of the heavy snowstorm in the mountains. 11) They [to work out] a detailed plan before starting off on an expedition. 12) Mary [to clean] the windscreen when she noticed a crack in the glass. 13) Some people [to sleep] on the benches waiting for their trains. 14) Yesterday he [to pass] his driving test at the first attempt.

Ex.17.

Model: He can do this work. → The work can be done (by him).

1) She can find a job easily. 2) The matter is urgent. They have to phone her immediately. 3) You must send the document as quickly as possible. 4) He has got a pay rise now they can buy a new house. 5) The lecture is over. You may ask your questions. 6) Ecologists say that we should take care of our planet. 7) He was to give back the book on Saturday. 8) The boss wants to talk to Mr. Black. You must find him immediately. 9) You should avoid the centre of the city during rush hours. 10) We are to conduct a series of experiments this week. 11) He should not sign the contract without reading it thoroughly. 12) You must not exceed the speed limit if you don’t want to be fined by the traffic policeman. 13) You may write this exercise with a pencil. 14) You must do it without delay.

Ex.22. TEST. Choose the correct grammar form to translate a predicate.

1) Этот вокзал был пущен в эксплуатацию в прошлом году.

a) has been put b) was put c) was being put

2) Сейчас здесь строится новый супермаркет.

a) is being built b) is built c) is building

3) Мы приступили к работе, после того как прочитали инструкцию.

a) started b) were started c) have started

a) had been read b) has read c) had read

4) Студентов экзаменуют два раза в год.

a) are being examined b) are examined c) has been examined

5) Новое здание института уже построили, когда я поступил на экономический факультет.

a) was constructed b) has been constructed c) had been constructed

a) was entering b) entered c) have been entered

6) Наш завод выпустит новый автомобиль к концу года.

a) will produce b) will be producing c) will have produced

7) Этот фильм никогда не показывали по телевизору.

a) was never shown b) has never been shown c) had never been shown

8) Секретарь ещё печатает списки участников олимпиады по английскому языку.

a) is being typed b) types c) is typing

9) К сожалению, вы его не застанете. К этому времени он уже уедет на вокзал.

a) won’t get b) don’t get c) haven’t got

a) will go b) will have gone c) has gone

10) Сколько стоит билет до Вашингтона? – Я заплатил $150 за нижнее место в спальном вагоне первого класса.

a) does … cost b) is … cost c) has … cost

a) had paid b) was paid c) paid

11) Джон недавно купил новый мотоцикл.

a) bought b) has bought c) had bought

12) Я видел тебя вчера из автобуса. Куда ты так спешил?

a) have seen b) was seeing c) saw

a) were…hurrying b) did…hurry c) had… hurried

*The results of the test: If your score is 15-17 correct answers, you are doing just great; 12-14 stand for good knowledge; 7-11 mean you have some problems; if the number of your correct answers is less than 7, go and learn the rules.

1) The length of the bus route has been increased by 3 km. [How many…?] 2) The rails are called T-rails because of their shape. [Why…?] 3) The load weighs a hundred kilograms. [How many…?] 4) Each passenger must fasten the belt when the plane takes off or lands. [When…?] 5) Now all the railways have a standardgauge. [What…?] 6) She left her driving license at home. [Where…?] 7) They have been offered ₤350 for their old car, but its price is much higher. [Who…? How much…?] 8) For some period of time one underground railway line in London was working entirely without drivers. [Where…?] 9) 27 British scientists have gained Nobel awards since 1945. [What…?] 10) The pipe is leaking at the joint. [Where…?] 11) The two-speed escalators are being installed at new Metro stations. [Where…?] 12) According to the terms of the contract the equipment will be paid for on delivery. [When…?] 13) The service life of steel sleepers lasts from 35 to 60 years. [How long…?] 14) The windows in this car are made of unbreakable glass. [What…?] 15) On the bus he was sitting right in front of me. [Where…?] 16) The first motor car drivers had to carry large cans of fuel as there were no filling stations at that time. [Why…?]

Ex.24. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different tense forms and voice of the predicates.

1) После реконструкции линии скорость поездов будет увеличена. 2) Ты обычно покупаешь билеты заранее или в день отъезда? – Это зависит от обстоятельств (circumstances). 3) Когда отправляется поезд в Бостон? – Один поезд только что ушёл, а следующий будет через два часа. 4) Поезд проходит расстояние от Москвы до Самары за 20 часов. 5) Вы не можете взять сейчас магнитофон, так как он сломался, и его ремонтируют. 6) Проводник вышел из вагона и пригласил пассажиров занять свои места. 7) Когда мы пришли на станцию, все билеты были уже проданы. 8) Машины медленно двигались по горной дороге. 9) Главный инженер сказал, что наш проект обсуждали долгое время, но, в конце концов (eventually), он был принят. 10) Паровой двигатель был изобретён в 18 веке.

TEXT A

Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.

FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

Part 1

The word ‘transport’ (or ‘transportation’) means to carry people or goods from place to place. Henry Ford, the American motor-car manufacturer, said that “transportation is civilization”.

The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in which all modes of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals, or on natural forces such as wind and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine. Do you know who invented it? It is sometimes said that James Watt got the idea for a steam engine while still a boy, watching steam lift the lid of his mother's tea kettle. The truth is that J. Watt did not invent the steam engine; however, he made major improvements on the inefficient steam engine patented in 1705 by Thomas Newcomen, John Cawley, and Thomas Savery. J.Watt installed his engine in a machine which was used at a large coal mine for pumping out the water. Soon this invention was widely used at nearly every large enterprise. The revolution in industry made by this machine was extremely great.

One of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by Richard Trevithick, a British mining engineer. In 1804 he demonstrated the first successful railroad steam locomotive. His engine pulled a short train of cars uphill on a coal-mine railway in Wales. In the years after Trevithick’s locomotive, several others were built for use on various British coal-mine railways.

The world’s first common carrier railroad* to use steam power was the Stockton-Darlington railway in England. It was designed and built by George Stephenson and opened for public service in 1825. On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming. People on horses and in carriages were driving near the train. When they had gone for some time, Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away. He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour (about 20 km per hour). It was a success.

But the British Parliament did not want to construct railways. The members of the parliament did not believe that steam engines could run against a strong wind. Then Stephenson built a new locomotive and called it the Rocket. This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could draw a 13-ton train at an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles per hour (46 km per hour). In 1829 the Liverpool-Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the best steam loco. The prize was won by George Stephenson with his famous train. Though not the first such locomotive, it was the beginning of the effective use of steam power for passenger and freight transportation. At first many people were afraid of the railways; nevertheless in 1842 the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in Britain.

Part 2

Railroads were born in England, a country of dense population, short distances, and large financial resources. In England problems were very different from those in America, which in the early 1800s was a country of great distances, sparse population, and limited capital. Americans had to learn to build railroads for their own country by actual experience; they could not copy English methods.

In the USA the first railroads were built in mines for carrying stone or coal. In 1804 Oliver Evans (who had built an amphibious steam-powered scow with wheels) declared that he could “make a steam carriage that will run at a speed of 15 miles per hour on good, level railways.” As early as 1812 Colonel John Stevens, of Hoboken, N.J., began to speak for a new kind of railway. He wanted one that would provide long-distance transportation, linking distant areas of the country. In 1815 Stevens obtained the first charter to build a railroadacross New Jersey, but he was unable to raise the money needed to build it. The first common carrier railroad to be built in the United States was the Baltimore and Ohio. It was chartered in 1827 and construction started on July 4, 1828.

The first steam locomotive to run in the United States, the English-built Stourbridge Lion,made a trial trip over the tracks of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company in Pennsylvania in 1829. On the day of a test trip a lot of people came from miles around the small Pennsylvania town to see the first run of the steam locomotive. The engineer** refused to let anyone ride with him – perhaps because the engine had not been tested before. As the signal to start was given, there was a moment of suspense… Then, slowly, the wheels began to turn. Cheers went up as engineer Allen opened the throttle wide and began his historic trip. All along the route, men were waving their hats, small boys were shouting, and women were looking in amazement as the Lion thundered past at the fantastic speed of ten miles per hour. Who would have believed that anything so big could move so fast without a horse to pull it! But the engine was too heavy for the track and the trip was not repeated.

In the summer of 1830 service began on the Baltimore and Ohio line, with horses providing the power. Finally, in December 1830 an American-built locomotive, the Best Friend of Charleston,hauled a train of cars on the tracks of the South Carolina Railroad. The railroad had come to America.

Railroads spread rapidly in the eastern and southern United States, with short lines being merged to form through routes. By the mid-1850s, railways linked the Atlantic seaboard and the Midwest. In 1869 the first transcontinental route was completed to the Pacific coast. Railroads became the dominant mode of overland transportation in the last half of the 19^th century. Faster and more powerful locomotives and larger freight and passenger cars were built. Standardization of track gauges and the adoption of standard time zones aided efficiency. The invention of air brakes****, automatic signaling, and the automatic coupler***** increased safety. Sleeping cars and dining cars increased passenger comfort and convenience.

Notes: *common carrier railroad – железная дорога общего пользования

**engineer – зд: машинист

***throttle – дроссель, дроссельная заслонка

****air brake – воздушный тормоз

*****automatic coupler – автосцепка

1) The remark “transportation is civilization” was made by… .

a) George Washington b) Henry Ford c) James Watt

2)One of the mankind’s greatest inventions of the 18^th century was… .

a) the steam engine b) the jet engine c) the internal combustion engine

3) The first stationary steam engines were installed… .

a) at large farms b) at various industrial enterprises c) at coal mines

4) One of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by… .

a) Richard Trevithick b) Thomas Newcomen c) George Stephenson

5) The first common carrier railway in Britain was laid down between… .

a) Manchester and Liverpool b) Stockton and London c) Darlington and Stockton

6) The famous steam locomotive called the Rocket moved at a speed of… .

a) 46 miles per hour b) 12 miles per hour c) 29 miles per hour

7) The British Parliament objected to constructing railways because… .

a) people were afraid of railways b) the members of the British Parliament did not believe that locomotives could run against a strong wind c) there were no materials for the construction of railroads

8) John Stevens failed to build a railroad across New Jersey (the USA) because… .

a) he couldn’t find railway workers b) he was unable to raise the money

c) people of the state objected to constructing

10) The construction of the Baltimore-Ohio railroad lasted… .

a) ten years b) one year c) three years

11) The first American-built steam locomotive was called… .

a) the Stourbridge Lion b) the Best Friend of Charleston c) the Rocket

12) Railroads became the dominant means of overland transportation in the United States… .

a) in the 18^th century b) in the first half of the 19^th century

c) in the last half of the 19^th century

Ex.28. You know that there are various types of engines, such as: the water-powered engine, the wind-powered engine, the steam engine, the internal combustion engine (diesel, petrol, electric, jet). Read the following sentences and say which type of the engine is described.

1) In this engine fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace.

2) This engine is very economical; it doesn't need fuel to function. But it is dependent on the weather.

3) In this engine there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns into steam.

4) It was a wheel but a very small one. Long wide wooden blades were attached to it. The wheel was driven by the wind.

5) This engine is too large and heavy; it needs too much fuel.

6) This engine is an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a river turned it. It was used for irrigating fields.

7) This engine is lighter and smaller than a steam engine because it doesn't have a boiler. It is more powerful than a steam engine because it uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene.

8) The power of this engine depends on the quantity of coal. The more coal is put into the furnace, the stronger the fire is burning. The more steam there is the faster a train is moving.

9) This engine is the most ecologically friendly one, because it doesn't pollute environment with exhausted gases.

10) This engine is now used in automobiles, diesel locos and motor ships.

11) This engine is the most powerful, because the gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees.

Ex.29. Translate the following texts: (a) from Russian into English and (b) from English into Russian (do it in written form).

(a) НАЧАЛО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ В РОССИИ

Строительство железных дорог в России началось во второй половине 18 века. Первые вагонеточные пути были проложены на Урале. Они использовались для перевозки угля с шахт на Колывано-Воскресенский завод (Kolyvano-Voskresensk Works). Как рельсы, так и шпалы были сделаны из дерева. Уголь перевозили в деревянных тележках (a wooden hand-cart), которые назывались «собаками», потому что скрип несмазанных колёс (the creak of unlubricated wheels) был похож на визг (a squeal) собаки. Следует упомянуть, что тележки приводились в движение водяным колесом, в то время как в Европе основной движущей силой был ручной труд.

Такие русские изобретатели, как А.С. Ярцев, отец и сын Фроловы, сыграли важную роль в истории строительства железных дорог. Ярцев предложил заменить деревянные рельсы чугунными и в 1788 году построил первую «чугунку» на артиллерийском заводе (Gun Works) в Петрозаводске. 30 лет спустя другая железная дорога с чугунными рельсами была проложена в Алтайских горах инженером Фроловым. Её длина была 2 км. Железная дорога приводилась в движение лошадьми. Следует заметить, что лошади заменили (труд) около 500 рабочих.

Следующий этап в истории железнодорожного транспорта в России начался с изобретения парового двигателя. Он был изобретён И.И. Ползуновым, а отец и сын Черепановы построили первый паровоз. Он двигался со скоростью 13-16 км в час и мог перевозить 3.3 т грузов и 40 пассажиров. Первый паровоз был испытан в Нижнем Тагиле. Л.Гумилёвский писал в своей книге «Русские инженеры»: «Нижнетагильскую железную дорогу, сооружённую русскими мастерами, из русских материалов, по проекту русских изобретателей следует считать (should be considered) первой русской железной дорогой».

(b) THE OLDEST RAILWAY IN RUSSIA

The St.Petersburg–Moscow mainline is considered to be the oldest and the most outstanding railway in Russia.

In the thirties of the 19^th century much was spoken about the necessity of its construction and various projects were proposed by Pravdin, Safonov, Muravjov, Abaza, but all of them were rejected.

In June 1839, the professors of the Moscow Engineering Institute P.P. Melnikov and N.O. Kraft were sent to the USA for the purpose of studying experience gained by the Americans in constructing and operating the railways. Melnikov's report about the results of their trip laid down the basis of the future railway project.

According to this project «chugunka» was planned as a double-track line, 664 km long, with the 5 feet gauge (now the standard), steam powered. The speed of passenger and freight trains was supposed to be 34.4 km/h and 16 km/h respectively.

The construction began in 1843 and lasted 8 years. From the very beginning the builders faced many hardships because of severe climatic and difficult geological conditions. Hundreds of kilometers of track were laid down through forests and marshes, many rivers were crossed. It should be noted that the line is virtually straight and level. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built to make the line as straight as possible. There is a legend that the route of the railway was chosen by the tsar Nikolay I, who took the map and the ruler, drew a straight line between the two cities on the map and ordered this line to be the route of the railway. But the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done by P.P.Melnikov himself.

All the component parts of the track, bridges and viaducts were produced at Russian plants by using only domestic materials, including timber for sleepers and cast iron for rails.

One has to give credit (нужно отдать должное) to the first railway builders, who laid the track in extremely difficult conditions. They worked from dawn till sunset, often in water up to their knees and their main tools were spades and axes. P.P. Melnikov proposed to mechanize the railway construction, but his idea was not backed up because it required a lot of expenses. Nevertheless four excavators were bought in the USA on Melnikov's recommendation. It is interesting to note that at that time there were only seven excavators in the world. The other three ones were operated in the USA and Great Britain.

The railway was officially opened for public traffic on November 1, 1851. The first train departed from St.Petersburg at 11.15 and arrived in Moscow 21 hours 45 minutes later. There were 17 passengers in the first-class cars, 63 – in the second-class cars and 112 – in the third-class cars. The speed of the first trains was 40 km/h but two years later it was increased up to 60 km/h. It was the world's record in the speed of passenger trains. It should be added that the Alexander Engineering Works was established in St. Petersburg to provide this railway with locomotives and cars.

Ex.30. Answer the following questions.

1) When were the first projects of the railway construction proposed? 2) Why was it necessary to connect the two capitals in Russia? 3) Whose project of construction was accepted? 4) Why were Melnikov and Kraft sent to America? 5) When did the construction begin? 6) How long did the construction last? 7) Why was it difficult to build the railway? 8) What was built to make the line as straight as possible? 9) Is there any legend about the construction? 10) What were the rails and sleepers made of? 11) What equipment was used for the construction? 12) What was done to facilitate the workers' labor? 13) When was the railway officially opened for public traffic? 14) What time did the first train depart from St. Petersburg and arrive in Moscow? 15) How many passengers were there in the first train? 16) What was its speed? 17) What plant was established to provide this railway with rolling stock?

Ex.31. Arrange the following sentences in a chronological order, put questions to the underlined words. Using your questions tell about the beginning of railway construction in Russia.

1) The first steam locomotive was tested in Nizhniy Tagil. 2) The first railway carrying passengers was officially opened for public traffic in 1851. 3) Such engineers as P.K. Frolov, A.S. Yartsev, and I.I. Polsunov made great contribution to the development of railway transport in Russia. 4) The first tram ways were laid down in the Urals. 5) The history of railway construction in Russia began in the second half of the 18'^hcentury. 6) I.I. Polsunov invented the stationary steam engine in 1763. 7) At the beginning of the 19^th century it was decided to build the railway connecting two Russian capitals. 8) A.S. Yartsev suggested using cast iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788. 9) The Cherepanovs constructed the first steam locomotive. 10) The construction of the St. Petersburg-Moscow line began in 1843 and lasted eight years. 11) P.K. Frolov built “chugunka” in the Altai Mountains. 12) The first tram ways were used for carrying coal, ore and other goods. 13) The railway constructed by P.K. Frolov was horse-powered. 14) Goods were transported in carts driven by the water wheel.

George Stephenson was born on June 9, 1781, in the mining village of Wylam, Northumberland, England. He went to work as a horse-driver in a coal-mine at an early age and without formal schooling. At nineteen George was put to work on a steam engine. Now he had time to learn reading and writing. In 1814 Stephenson made a design of the Blocher, one of the first railroad locomotives. But George couldn’t build it because he had no money. In 1815 he patented an engine with a steam blast*, by which exhaust steam was redirected up the chimney. The new design increased the engines power and made the locomotive truly practical. In the same year Stephenson also invented a safety lamp for miners.

In 1822 he was commissioned to build a steam locomotive for a railroad line to be built from Stockton to Darlington. His son, Robert, assisted him in survey work for the tracks, and on Sept. 27, 1825, the railroad was opened for public traffic. In 1823 George Stephenson established a locomotive works in Newcastle. George and Robert then cooperated in the construction of a railway connecting Liverpool and Manchester. In 1829, the railway company held a competition to find a suitable locomotive for the line; George and Robert won the contest with the Rocket, an engine with a multi-tubular boiler**. George Stephenson died in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, on Aug. 12, 1848.

Robert Stephenson was George’s only son. He was born in Willington Quay, Northumberland, on Oct. 16, 1803. He studied mathematics at Bruce’s Academy in Newcastle upon Tyne and later attended Edinburgh University. He managed the Newcastle locomotive works and in 1833 was appointed chief engineer of the London and Birmingham Railway, the first railway into London. He directed several major engineering works, but he is best known for his long-span railroad bridges***. Robert died in London on Oct. 12, 1859.

George Robert Stephenson (1819–1905), a civil engineer**** educated at King William College on the Isle of Man, entered his uncle George Stephenson's employ in 1837 during the construction of a railway from Manchester to Leeds. He helped Robert build the Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence River in Canada and served as a consultant and designer on independent projects in England and abroad. Upon Robert's death in 1859, George Robert became director of the Newcastle locomotive works.

Notes: *steam blast – выхлоп пара

**multi-tubular boiler – многотрубный паровой котёл

***bridge span – пролёт моста

****civil engineer – инженер строитель

THE BRUNELS FAMILY

Two engineers whose inventions had a major influence on transportation methods were Marc Isambard Brunel and his only son, Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Marc solved the historic problem of underwater tunneling. Isambard, a civil* and mechanical engineer, was the designer of the first transatlantic steamer.

Marc Isambard Brunel was born on April 25, 1769, in Hacqueville, France. Because of his Royalist sympathies, he fled to the United States in 1793 during the French Revolution. He held the post of chief engineer of New York.

After Brunel improved a method for loading ships by mechanical means, rather than by hand, he sailed to England in 1799 to market his plans to the British government. A prolific inventor, he also designed machines for sawing timber, boot making, knitting, and printing. In 1818, in his practice as a civil engineer, he patented the tunneling shield**, a device that made safe underwater tunneling possible. In 1825 operations began for building the Brunel-designed tunnel under the Thames River. This project, which had no precedent, was completed in 1842, after great physical and financial difficulties. Brunel, who was knighted for his engineering feat, died in London on Dec. 12, 1849.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsmouth, England, on April 9, 1806. At the age of 19 he was appointed resident-engineer*** when work on the Thames Tunnel began. Later he served as engineer at the Bristol Docks and also designed several other docks in England. In 1833 he was appointed chief engineer to the Great Western Railway. His introduction of the broad-gauge railway, with tracks 7 feet (2 meters) apart, made possible high speeds that helped stimulate rail progress. Brunel was responsible for building railways in Great Britain and Italy and served as an adviser on projects in Australia and India.

The younger Brunel's outstanding contributions to marine engineering were his three ships, each the largest in the world at its launching date. The Great Western (1837), a wooden paddle vessel****, was the first steamship to provide regular transatlantic service. The Great Britain (1843) was the first large vessel driven by a screw propeller. The Great Eastern (1858) achieved fame by laying the first successful transatlantic cable. During the Crimean War, he designed a complete prefabricated hospital building that was shipped in parts to the Crimea and a floating armored barge that was used in warfare. Isambard Brunel died on Sept. 15, 1859, in London.

Notes: *civil engineer – инженер строитель

**tunneling shield – туннельный щит

***resident-engineer – прораб

****paddle vessel – колёсное судно

GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE (1846 – 1914)

“If I understand you, young man, you propose to stop a railroad train with wind. I have no time to listen to such nonsense.” Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, the powerful railroad owner, thus dismissed George Westinghouse and his new air brake. But within a few years the old hand brakes on trains were replaced with air brakes, launching Westinghouse into a notable career as inventor and industrialist.

Westinghouse was born on Oct. 6, 1846, in Central Bridge, N.Y. (the USA). The son of a manufacturer of farm implements, he explored the world of machines at an early age. After serving in both the Union Army and the Navy in the Civil War, Westinghouse received in 1865 his first patent—for a rotary steam engine. In that same year he invented a device for replacing derailed* freight cars on their tracks. Railroad problems fascinated Westinghouse. Among his other inventions was a device called a frog that allowed wheels on one rail of a track to cross an intersecting rail. He bought various patents on railroad switches** and signals and combined them with his own developments into an efficient switching system. The air brake, his greatest invention, was patented in 1869, the same year he organized the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. With various design improvements, the air brake became widely accepted, and the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893 made them compulsory on trains in the United States.

Westinghouse was chiefly responsible for the adoption of alternating current (AC)*** systems for electric power transmission in the United States, which up to the 1880s had used direct current (DC)**** systems. Importing an AC system from Europe, Westinghouse purchased the patents of Nikola Tesla’s AC motor and hired him to improve and modify the motor for use in the power system. Once the new system was ready, advocates of DC power set out to discredit AC power. Public acceptance of AC power came soon after Westinghouse dramatically proved its advantages at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893). Using incandescent lighting, the fairground was set aglow with light. With buildings set like jewels against the evening sky, the display marked the start of large-scale outdoor lighting and of illuminated advertising signs.

Most of the Westinghouse factories were located in Pittsburgh and associated companies were established throughout the world. Westinghouse lost most of his control over his industrial empire during the financial panic of 1907. He died in New York City on March 12, 1914.

Notes: *to derail – сходить с рельсов

**switch – стрелочный перевод

***alternating current – переменный ток

****direct current – постоянный ток

CASEY JONES (1864 – 1900)

Casey Jones was the great American locomotive engineer hero who would not save* his own life but died doing his duty. Casey worked as an engineer of the American train the Cannon-ball which ran between Tennessee and Mississippi on Illinois Central Railroad. He was a skilful engine-driver and always brought the train in on time. Casey was skilful with the whistle too – the locomotive whistle. He had a special way of blowing it: beginning very softly, rising to a shriek, and dying away. It would** made people’s hair stand on end*** as the train passed by in the night. “There Casey is going,” they said.

On the night of April 29, 1900 when Casey had just finished his own run and brought the Cannon-ball into the town on time, he was said that the engineer of another train fell ill and couldn’t make his run. Casey offered to substitute his friend and pulled the train out of the station at 11 p.m. The train was already one hour and thirty-five minutes late at the start.

Casey wanted to make up the time**** and he ran his locomotive at a high speed. By four o’clock in the morning he had made up most of the time, but suddenly in front of his engine, as he came round a curve, he saw a standing freight train on the rails.

“Jump, Sim,” he cried.

Sim Webb, fireman to Casey Jones, jumped and lived to tell the story. Casey’s body was found with one hand still on the whistle and one on the air-brake.

There is a monument to Casey Jones in his native town in Kentucky. In 1950 the United States Government put out a three-cent stamp in honor of American railroad engineers, which has the portrait of Casey Jones and a picture of the old Locomotive 382.

Notes: *would not save – не захотел спасти

**would – зд: бывало

***to stand on end – вставать дыбом

****to make up the time – наверстать время

TEXT C

Siberia is a vast expanse of land that stretches across Russia from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. In the 19th century Siberia [to be]Russia’s frontier—thinly populated, largely unexplored, yet possessing vast economic potential. Settlement in the region [to remain] sparse until the building of the unique Trans-Siberian Railroad,which [to connect] the European part of the country with the Pacific Coast and [to make] large-scale immigration possible. According to Minister of Railways S.Yu. Witte: “The Great Siberian Railway [to breathe] new life into boundless Siberian lands.”

The history of railway construction in Russia [to start] at the end of the 19^th century. Railway mainlines [to laydown] from the Western borders of the country to St. Petersburg and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from the Urals to Central Asia. In 1892 the railway network in Russia [to have] a total length of 32,000 km. That very year Samara-Zlatoust railway [to build] which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia and the Trans-Siberian Mainline.

On March 15, 1891 Alexander III [to issue] an imperial prescript addressed to future EmperorNicholay II which [to state]: “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia. I also entrust you with ground-breaking* of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.”

Two projects of the future mainline [to propose] – “the southern version” and “the northern version”. “The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.N. Posyet [to win]. According to his project the railway [to be] shorter by 400 km and was passing by the Siberian high road** and populated areas.

The building of the Great Siberian Track [to begin] in 1893. Work [to start] at the same time from both the eastern and western terminals. The plan originally [to call] for an all-Russian road, but a treaty with China in 1896 [to enable] the Russians to construct an 800-mile (1,300-kilometer) line through Manchuria, thus shortening the distance to Vladivostok. After Manchuria [to pass] to Japanese hands following the Russian-Japanese War of 1904—05, the Russians [to proceed] with a longer railway entirely on their own territory. Construction rates [to be] very fast despite the fact that the railroad [to go] through swamps, thick taiga, [to cross]major rivers and huge mountains. One of the main obstacles to completion of the line [to be] Lake Baikal, where there [to be] ferry service. A loop around the lakeshore [to complete] in 1905. By 1916 the Amur River line north of the Chinese border [to finish], and there [to be] a continuous railway on Russian land from Moscow across Siberia. In less than 25 years more than 8,600 km of track [to laydown].

The building of the gigantic mainline [to be] a heroic deed accomplished by Russian construction workers thanks to their tenacious efforts and courage. At first 10,000 workers [to take part] in the construction. Later, their number [to go up] to 100,000. Some of Trans-Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.

Notes: *ground-breaking – начало строительства (дороги)

**high road – тракт

Ex.32. True or false? Correct the false statements.

1) The Trans-Siberian Mainline connects the Asian part of Russia with the Pacific Coast. 2) Alexander III commanded to start constructing the Great Siberian Track. 3) Six projects of the construction were proposed. 4) The project of the Minister of Railways S.Yu. Witte won. 5) The first rail of the future Trans-Siberian Railway was laid down in Vladivostok. 6) The length of this railway is more than 80,600 km. 7) About 5,000 workers took part in the mainline construction. 8) The track went through swamps and taiga. 9) One of the main obstacles to completion of the line was the Pacific Ocean. 10) The construction lasted 15 years. 11) The Great Siberian Railway breathed new life into boundless Siberian lands. 12) The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by English construction workers

TEXT D

Read and translate the text using a dictionary. Pay special attention to the words and word combinations in bold and guess their meaning.

[1]The American people and its history have a “love-hate” relationship to the railroad. Without the railroad, the “Wild West” would not have been settled as quickly as it was. Was this a good or a bad thing? Ask an average Native American and then ask an average White American. The railroads eventually put the cowboys out of business, too. The American Civil War came to a close, in part, because the Union had an extensive railroad system and the Confederacy did not. Ask an American from Louisiana what s/he thinks about the Northern victory and then ask someone from Massachusetts. But to move to a more contemporary question, ask someone from New York if they would rather fly to Los Angeles or take a train there. What would you rather do if you had to get from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok?

[2] Steam railways began to appear in the East of the USA in the 1820s. At that time, it was more of a novelty than an efficient transportation method. If you were a merchant or a bold immigrant and wanted to move west, you went by boat. The first use of the locomotive for passenger transport was on Christmas day, 1930, in Charleston, South Carolina. Within the next decade 4,480 km had been laid, mainly within states along the Atlantic seaborder. As the new nation grew to the Midwest in the 1850s, tracks totaled 14,400 km in length and by 1860 track length had almost tripled to 48,000 km. Immigration to cities like Chicago grew because of the railroads. By 1860 the sheer amount of track in the USA almost equaled the total track length of the world’s countries combined. In essence, the railroad helped America grow industrially. Population rates increased dramatically.

[3] As mentioned above, the Confederacy lost the Civil War because it simply did not have the rail or industrial power that the Union did. Much of the Union strategy was based on cutting the rail lines between Confederate States. After 1865 to about 1914, the real Golden Age of American Rail reigned. On May 10, 1869, the Atlantic Coast was linked to the Pacific Coast in Promontory, Utah. Year round, passengers and merchants could travel/send goods from coast to coast. By 1885, a series of 4 similar rail lines sprung into action, one of which caused the decline of cattle driving cowboys when lines dipped down into Texas. No longer did cowboys need to drive their herds north – now the train could do it quicker and cheaper.

[4] The railways profoundly shaped the United States and continued to do so until about the 1930s. From that point on until the mid-seventies, road and air transport competed with the train and slowly caused many lines to go out of business. In the 1970s, for example, 10 major lines went bankrupt and the Federal Government bought a good portion of this dying service industry. The new system was called Amtrak and provided passenger service between major urban centers.

[5] Today, however, most Americans prefer to travel by plane. Prices for long distance flights are just slightly higher or equal to train tickets to the same destination. Factor in the time passengers save by flying, plus convenience, and you can easily see why American rail can never be what it once was. Although people prefer to travel quickly and comfortably by air, freight goods are still transported by rail.

UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS

Ex.1. Practice the reading.

► ou, ow

▪ amount, council, dismount, announce, discount, fountain, soundproof, compound, layout, output, found, pronounce, about, bounty, accountancy, shout, proud, boundary, aloud, arouse, paramount, power, crowd, downtown, gown, glower, powder;

▪ owing, own, narrow, borrow, rainbow, arrow, shallow, blow, flow, follow, grow, below;

▪ BUT: group, route, could, would, should, acoustic; double, couple, trouble, country, touch, courage; soul

► ere, ure, are, ire (yre), ore

▪ merely, atmosphere, here, sincere, adhere;

▪ cure, demure, premature, secure, endure, purely, mature;

▪ declare, software, carefully, beware, barely, prepare, compare, square, share, fare, rarely, mare, aware, stare, dare;

▪ desire, tire, tyre, entire, requirement, hire, firework, esquire, satire, wireless, retired, acquire, inquire;

▪ core, explore, moreover, restore, store, therefore, score, bore, semaphore, shore, adore

Words and word combinations to be remembered

1)to accommodate– вмещать 2) capacity– мощность, вместимость, грузоподъемность carrying capacity – пропускная способность 3) to carry out – выполнять, осуществлять 4)to control – управлять control –управление 5) to cost –стоить cost – цена, стоимость costs– расходы, издержки 6) current –ток alternative current (a. c.) – переменный ток direct current (d. c.) – постоянный ток 7) to damage –повреждать, причинять ущерб damage– повреждение, ущерб 8) empty – пустой, порожний 9) to ensure – гарантировать; обеспечивать 10) fleet– парк (подвижного состава) 11) to follow – следовать, соблюдать (правила) 12) to heat – обогревать heating – отопление 13) length – длина, протяженность 14)to install – устанавливать installation –установка 15) to introduce – внедрять, вводить (в эксплуатацию) introduction – внедрение, ввод 16) to maintain – эксплуатировать, содержать в технически исправном состоянии; поддерживать maintenance– содержание в технически исправном состоянии, эксплуатация 17) to protect – защищать protection– защита 18)to reduce – сокращать reduction– сокращение 19) safe– безопасный safety– безопасность 20) surface –наземный; поверхность 21) total –полный, общий, целый 22) therefore– поэтому, следовательно 23) volume – объем

Ex.2. Describe the relationship between the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither).

1) total/ overall/ all 6) to ensure/ to guarantee 11) to protect/ to produce

2) surface/ underground 7) to install/ to dismantle 12) empty/ full

3) safe/ dangerous 8) increase/ reduction 13) to reduce/ to decrease

4) length/ height/ weight 9) capacity/ power 14) to carry out/ to fulfil

5) to carry/ to carry out 10) to damage/ to destroy 15) to perform/ to implement

1) The Ukrainian government has decided to resume the construction of the metro, which was stopped because of financial difficulties. A lottery is being organized and 40% of its income will be used to fund the work. 2) The newspaper published the article about a brave engine driver who saved the passengers from a bad accident at risk of his own life. 3) The new supersonic aircraft that looks like a rocket will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than 2 hours. 4) Steel sleepers are particularly valued in desert and tropical regions because great variations in day and night temperatures do not affect them. 5) Japanese Railways has banned the passengers to use their cellular telephones on its commuter trains. The railway company has recently received a lot of complaints because passengers speaking on their mobile telephones are shouting too loud and disturbing others. 6) It was snowing heavily and I couldn’t make out the number of the tram. When I had covered several tram stops, I realized that I got on the wrong tram. 7) Mr. Davis was very nervous when the airplane was taking off because he had never flown before. 8) I was standing at the tram-stop when it began raining. 9) The water was heated to the boiling point.

Ex.8. TEST. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.

1) The Channel Tunnel ___ since 1994.

a) was being used b) has been used c) was used

2) This railway tunnel ___ Great Britain with the Continent.

a) is connected b) is connecting c) connects

2) Fuelling stations ___ along the highway at frequent intervals.

a) situate b) are situated c) are being situated

3) I leased another car, while mine ___.

a) was being repaired b) is being repaired c) had been repaired

4) The electrical equipment ___ by a Japanese firm.

a) will supply b) will be supplied c) will have been supplied

5) During peak hours the Metro trains usually ___ with small intervals.

a) are running b) are run c) run

6) The first automatic drivers ___ on the underground lines.

a) have been tested b) was tested c) are being tested

7) The car ___ too fast for me to see the number plate.

a) was being moved b) will move c) was moving

8) The mechanic ___ the wheel by the time we came.

a) replaced b) has replaced c) had replaced

9) The surveying party ___ the route of the future railway all month long.

a) examined b) has been examined c) was examining

10) He quickly forgot everything he ___ at school.

a) learnt b) had learnt c) was learning

11) John ___ for his exam still; he must be tired.

a) prepares b) has prepared c) is preparing

12) When I ___ this watch, everybody warned me against it.

a) was buying b) is buying c) buy

13) She said that the new time-table ___ on the notice-board yet.

a) was not hung up b) will not be hung up c) had not been hung up

14) The secretary ___ by the director to answer the letter without delay.

a) was asked b) was asking c) has asked

15) The computers ___, it is inevitable that the work will be delayed.

a) don’t work b) are not working c) were not working

*The results of the test: If your score is 13-15 correct answers, you are doing just great; 10-12 stand for good knowledge; 7-9 mean you have some problems; if the number of your correct answers is less than 7, go and learn the rules.

1) One day people will be able to communicate by videophones [установленный] in every flat. 2) The engine [изобретённый] by Rudolf Diesel is one of the greatest inventions of the 20^th century. 3) A lot of scientists [приглашённый] to the conference refused to take part in it. 4) Kerosene is a fuel [используемый] in jet engines. 5) The mechanic said that he had replaced the [сломанный] part of the engine. 6) This engine radically differs both in construction and operation from the engine [разработанный] five years ago. 7) The Disneyland train [названный] “The Excursion” was built especially for carrying visitors through the Grand Canyon Diorama. 8) The diesel-electric locomotive has an internal combustion engine [присоединённый] to the driving wheels by electric transmission. 9) The TV set [купленный] a few days ago has broken down. 10) In Japan the communication between some islands is provided through underwater tubes [проложенными] on the sea bottom. 11) The wagons with [изолированными] walls, roofs and floors are known as the refrigerator cars. 12) Cascade Tunnel is one of the longest railroad tunnels in the USA [расположенный] in central Washington was built in 1925-29 to replace shorter, more winding tunnel.

Ex.19. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to –ed forms.

1) The first television set produced quite a sensation in 1939. The first television set was produced in 1939. The first television set produced in 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box. 2) The new car model developed by our student design bureau will be shown on TV. The new car modelwas developed by our student design bureau. The new car model developed a speed of 50 miles an hour. 3) The trains equipped with robot engine drivers operate on some underground lines. 4) The talks between these two presidents were conducted behind the closed doors. 5) The car suddenly stopped in the middle of the road. 6) The gas station on the highway was closed. 7) All the necessary information is stored in the computer. 8) When invented, the steam engine started the industrial revolution. 9) Toyota Co., a very successful Japanese company, has increased their sales to six million cars and trucks a year. 10) One of the main advantages of the diesel loco is the low cost of the fuel consumed. 11) Though conducted with great care, the test did not give the expected results. 12) New technologies reduce the number of workers needed. 13) Though first developed for military purposes, radar can be used in modern cars. 14) Most of the goods produced by this factory are exported. 15) He bought a usedcar, which broke down the next day. 16) The French military engineer Cugnot constructed the first three-wheeled machine equipped with a two-cylinder steam engine. This machine carried two people at a walking pace. 17) When asked why she had missed the train, she said something about her watch being slow.

Ex.20. TEST. Choose the right variant.

1) The cause of the accident was a ___ brake shoe.

a) breaking b) broken c) having broken

2) ___ their tests students handed them in.

a) completing b) completed c) having completed

3) Special signals ___ along the railroads help enginemen drive trains without accidents.

a) installing b) installed c) having installed

4) You can find the telephone number of a specialist ___ computers in any newspaper.

a) repairing b) repaired c) having repaired

5) The plant ___ automobiles was built in our city 50 years ago.

a) producing b) produced c) having produced

6) The typewriter ___ a few days ago has gone wrong.

a) buying b) bought c) having bought

7) ___ all the money he started looking for work.

a) spending b) spent c) having spent

8) Having packed our suitcases, h) leaves behind a stream of white smoke.

9) While turning a corner at a high speed i) think whether you would follow it

yourself.

10) If asked, j) we hired a taxi and hurried to the airport.

Ex.22. Say whether the right Participles are used in the following sentences. Correct the wrong ones. Be very attentive!

1) We were walked down the path leading to the station. 2) Don’t forget to oil the moving parts of the machine regularly. 3) Having missed the 10 o’clock train, he had to send a telegram to his friends waited for him. 4) The porter went in, carrying two suitcases. 5) It is impossible quickly to stop the train moving at such a high speed. 6) Worked as a clerk, painter and bus driver, Neil decided to go back to University. 7) Refrigerator cars are used for the transportation of freezing meat and other perishable commodities. 8) The received information was not correct. 9) When commenting on the recent developments in the Middle East, the correspondent presented a number of interesting facts. 10) Tank cars having transported gas or cement should be made of aluminum or stainless steel. 11) All the computers installed at our office were produced in Japan. 12) The Toyota Co. has recently deciding to spend $800 million a year on the development of the new electric automobile. 13) While crossed the street, I saw an accident. 14) When typing the article, she tried to be very attentive. 15) The plane had to make a forcing landing. 16) The Internet is a global computer network having millions of users all over the world. 17) They experimented with the device, not known that it was out of order. 18) Having taken the wrong bus, Tony found himself in an unfamiliar town.

TEXT A

Before reading and translating the text match the Russian equivalents to the English word combinations (do it in written form).

UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS

1) air contamination	a) верхнее строение пути
2) broken stone ballast	b) щебёночный балласт
3) danger of flooding	c) бетонная основа
4) concrete base	d) подземный переход
5) cut-and-cover method	e) наземная железнодорожная линия
6) elevated railway line	f) подземная железнодорожная линия
7) ground-based railway line	g) надземная железнодорожная линия (на эстакаде)
8) permanent way	h) конечная станция
9) remote control	i) сооружение
10) structure	j) туннельный щит
11) subsurface railway line	k) открытый метод строительства
12) to take a shortcut	l) деревянная обшивка (опалубка)
13) termination	m) штанга токоприёмника (троллейбуса)
14) trolley pole	n) дистанционное управление
15) tunneling shield	o) избрать кратчайший путь
16) underpass	p) опасность затопления
17) wooden shuttering	q) загрязнение воздуха

Part 1

Depending on where in the world it is located, an underground electric-railway system may be called a subway, underground railway, tube, or metro. The underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable means of city transport. Metro can solve the problems of carrying a great number of passengers within urban and suburban areas as well as the problems of traffic jams, air contamination and noise.

Subways are usually built under city streets, but in order to take shortcuts they often must pass under rivers. From the technical point of view the underground railway system is very expensive and complicated constructional work. This system includes subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. Ground based lines are usually used at the terminations of the underground railways. Outside the immediate downtown area, the subway lines usually emerge above ground too, resembling conventional railways or elevated transit lines. Besides, the underground and surface structures involve stations, tunnels, escalators, underpasses, ventilation and sanitary engineering as well as a power supply system.

The permanent way of underground railways differs from the normal railway track. The sleepers are only 0.9m long. They are shorter than those of the railroad track which are 2.7m long. The sleepers of the normal track are laid upon ballast made of broken stone or other materials. The crossties of the underground railway are laid directly on concrete base. It is more expensive but keeps air free from dust. If the ballast were made of slag, gravel, sand or even broken stone, the train would be followed by the dust clouds.

Modern Metro trains are powered by electricity. The current is obtained from the third rail. This contact rail is laid along the whole track and transmits the direct current of 825 volts to the train electromotor through the pantograph.

The Underground carrying capacity depends on the number of coaches which ranges from 2 to 8 per train and the frequency of train running which ranges from 80 seconds to 10 minutes.

Part 2

Nowadays there are underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. The construction of the first subway system, called the Metropolitan Railway, began in London in 1860. It was built by the so-called cut-and-cover method – that is, trenches were dug along the streets, reinforced with brick sides, and roofed with girders or a brick arch. The roadway on top was then restored. The Metropolitan line was opened on January 10, 1863. It used steam locomotives, not electric power.

In 1866 excavation began for a second subway line of the London Underground. It was built using a device called a tunneling shield that allowed a tunnel to be driven under the Thames River without the danger of flooding. The tunnels were driven deep enough to avoid disturbing public-utility works, or the foundations of buildings, and there was no disruption of street traffic. The Tube—the first electric underground railway—began operation in 1890.

In the same decade, many other cities followed London's lead. In Budapest an electric subway was opened in 1896 that used single cars with trolley poles. It was the first subway on the European continent. Because the tunnels were flat-roofed instead of arched, the original trenches were shallower than those of earlier lines. As a result, the subway construction was far less costly.

In Paris, construction of the Métro (Chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris) was begun in 1898, and the first 6 1/4 miles (10 kilometers) were opened in 1900. Its rapid construction was made possible largely by improved cut-and-cover methods. Vertical shafts were sunk at intervals along the planned route, and from these shafts side trenches were dug. Masonry foundations to support wooden shuttering were then placed immediately under the road surfaces. Construction of the roof arch then proceeded with little disturbance to street traffic. This method is still used in Paris.

In the United States the first practical subway line was constructed in Boston between 1895 and 1897. On October 27, 1904, New York City opened the first section of what was to become the largest subway system in the world. Other cities with notable subway systems include Philadelphia and Chicago in the United States; Toronto and Montreal in Canada; Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Munich and Frankfurt am Main in Germany; Milan, Italy; Cairo, Egypt; and Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Nagoya in Japan. The shortest metro line was constructed in Turkey. Its length is only 600 m but Istanbul is very proud of the metropolitan means of transport.

A number of major modern cities have a combination of subway and elevated railways. In addition, some have automatic trains that are operated by remote control. Lines that use automated trains include a section of the London subway system, the Victoria Line; BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco Bay area; and the Washington, D.C., Metro. Greater attention is also paid to the aesthetics, comfort, safety, and convenience of subways, particularly those in Moscow and Rome.

1) What is the quickest means of city’s transport? 2) Why is it necessary to construct Underground railways in large cities? 3) Why is the construction of underground railway system a very expensive and complicated engineering process? 4) What is the difference between the permanent way of underground railroads and ground-based railway tracks? 5) Why is there no ballast on the underground railways? 6) Are Metro trains powered by steam or electricity? 7) Where is the current obtained from? 8) What does the Underground carrying capacity depend on? 9) How many cities of the world have already built the Underground railways? 10) Where was the first underground railway line laid down? 11) What city has the largest subway system in the world? 12) What is the length of the metro line in Istanbul?

Ex.24. Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.

1) In the USA the first subway line was a) the Metropolitan railway.

constructed…

2) The second underground line in London… b) on the Victoria line of the London

passed… Underground.

3) The shortest Metro line in the world c) clean and attractive stations.

was built…

4) Electric single cars with trolley poles d) the largest subway system in the world.

were used…

5) In Paris the construction of the first e) in the Budapest Subway.

Metro line lasted…

6) The first underground system in the world f) in Boston between 1895 and 1897.

was called…

7) The Moscow and Rome Metros are justly g) in Istanbul.

famous for…

8) New York has… h) under the Thames River.

9) Automated trains that are operated by i) two years.

remote control are used…

10) Constructing tunnels under the rivers, j) a device called a tunneling shield that

builders use… protects a tunnel against flooding.

Ex.25. Here are the answers. Write the questions.

1) Subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. 2) Under city streets or under rivers. 3) Only 0.9m long. 4) Directly on concrete base. 5) From the third rail. 6) In 80 cities all over the world. 7) The cut-and-cover method. 8) On January 10, 1863. 9) In Budapest. 10) In Moscow and Rome.

TEXT B

Read and translate the text.

LONDON UNDERGROUND

Part 1

The underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of the 19^th century. The first underground system was proposed by Charles Pearson in 1843. Twenty years later the first line of the London Underground was opened for traffic. Its length was almost four miles. On that first historic day 30,000 Londoners made the first underground railway travel in the world.

In the early days, the trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke. It is said that the train staff and porters asked for a permission to grow beards and moustaches – as an early form of smog mask. The tunnels of the first underground were made as small as possible in order to reduce the construction costs. The coaches themselves were small and narrow.

According to Pearson’s project all lines were laid down close to the ground surface. The deep tunneling came later, in 1890. Constructing the tunnel through miles of clay, sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method which made the construction of most London tunnels possible. One of the longest continuous tunnels in the world is the 17½ mile tunnel on the Northern line. The first escalator was also installed in the London Underground in 1911.

During the World War II the London Underground served as a shelter for thousands of Londoners. Many British Museum treasures spent the war in the tunnels of the Underground. The railways were prepared for any emergency that might occur. They had duplicate control systems, repair groups, duplicate power supply and so on. To minimize the danger of flooding the underground near the Thames, isolating doors were built in the tunnels. All the trains were equipped with special reduced lighting for using on open sections of track.

Part 2

Nowadays the London Underground (it is often called the Tube) is the most popular means of city transport because it is relatively cheap, convenient, quick and safe. Its length is about 400 km. Every day the Tube carries over 2.5 million passengers. The total number of passengers carried by the Underground each year is enormous and it is constantly growing.

In the London Metro there are 11 underground lines, each of them has got its own color. For example, the lines are called: Central (red), Circle (yellow), East London (orange), Metropolitan (dark brown), Northern (black), Victoria (light blue) and so on.

Only half of the trains go under the ground, new lines that connect London with its suburbs go over the ground. On such routes express trains are operated. They stop at a very few stations on their way that is very convenient for those people who live in the suburbs but work in the center of London.

There are 275 stations in the London Metro. Most of them are old and not attractive to the eye. The walls are simply white or gray plastered with all kinds of advertisements. Numerous stations which are rather deep under the ground are equipped with escalators. About 200 escalators can carry 10,000 passengers an hour at maximum speed. The longest one is at the station “Leicester Square”, its length is over 80 feet. On long escalators the speed is changeable. The “up” escalator runs at full speed when carrying passengers but when empty it moves at half speed. It is known that traffic is left-hand in Britain, but when passengers get on the escalator they stand on the right. People who hurry can run by on the left, and it seems that everybody in the Underground always hurries.

The atmosphere «underground» is considered even better than that outside. There are special pumps and fans that suck in the air from the street, purify it, and make it warm or cool on its way to the station. The air in the Underground is changed every quarter of an hour, and the temperature all year round is maintained at 69-79 degrees Fahrenheit.

The fare in the London Underground depends on the distance you travel, but the lowest is 50 pence. Tickets can be bought in the booking offices but for short journeys that cost a few pence, tickets can be obtained from automatic machines.

Safety was always one of the main concerns of the London transport. In spite of the fact that trains often follow each other within 1-3 minutes, it is said that the London Underground is the safest form of transport in the world. The most up-to-date electronic equipment is used for controlling train movement: if changes are necessary, they are made automatically and with lightning speed. No accident can happen because of human errors.

1) Did the underground railways appear in the 20^th century? 2) Has the London Underground been used since 1860? 3) Was the first line of the London Underground built according to Stephenson’s project? 4) Were the first Metro trains driven by electricity? 5) Did the London Underground operate during the World War II? 6) Does the London Underground carry over 2.5 million passengers a day at present? 7) Do all Metro trains go under the ground? 8) Are all stations equipped with escalators? 9) Was safety always one of the main concerns of London transport? 10) Can any accident happen because of human errors in the London Underground? 11) Is the number of passengers carried by the London Underground constantly growing? 12) Do express trains stop at all the stations on their way? 13) Are there twelve Underground lines in London? 14) Do all the underground lines have their own color?

TEXT C

Read and translate the text.

MOSCOW UNDERGROUND

For the first time the idea of building the underground railway in Moscow was discussed before the revolution. But the construction of the first section (from Sokolniki to Central Park) was initiated only in 1932. The length of this line was 11kilometers. The construction lasted three years and it was called the record period of time by the world press. The Russian engineers carefully studied the existing underground systems abroad before working out their own project, which represents a significant improvement on the London system.

The engineering difficulties were great mainly because much of the soil was composed of running sand*. Fortunately most of the running sand lay close to the surface, therefore it was found possible to use out-and-cover method of construction under many streets. But in the center of the city where the line is 100ft or more deep, the construction of tunnels was necessary.

The Moscow Underground consists of a circle line, which runs round the city center, several radial lines crossing the city and connecting with each other and the lines running to the countryside. Some constructional work is still going on. Now the length of the underground lines reaches about 300km.

At present the Moscow Metro handles more than 5 million passengers each day. During peak hours trains run at a speed of 90km per hour with the intervals of about 80 seconds. One train takes up to 1,500 passengers. For greater safety of travel all trains are inspected every 6-9 hours of running. Being in operation for about 13 hours daily each metro train covers the distance equal to that from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The trains servicing the Underground are supplied with low voltage direct current. The current is obtained from the third rail by special devices that are mounted beneath the motor coaches. Rolling stock is completely replaced approximately once every four years.

The Moscow Metro can compete with the underground railways in any of the European capitals in level of automation. At present experiments are being conducted with an “automatic driver”, i.e. with computer-controlled trains. The computer devices will help to relieve the nervous strain on the drivers and make it possible to increase the cruising speed** of trains even more. These automatic devices have already been tested over the Circle Route by way of experiment. The Moscow Metro is justly famous for clean and attractive stations and for good service of riders at rather low fares.

Notes: *running sand – сыпучий песок, плывун

**cruising speed – эксплуатационная скорость

► i beforend, gh, gn, ld

▪ mind, humankind, behind, find, highly, light, delight, highway, sight, might, tight, frighten, flight, alignment, design, sign, wild, mild.

► оbeforen, v, m, th

▪ front, among, money, won, ton, month, tongue, wonder, none, glove, above, cover, dove, lovely, some, company, accompany, other, another, nothing;

▪ BUT: move, prove, improve, approve, involve

► abeforel+consonant

▪ talk, already, also, call, alter, always, salt, almost, alternative, walk, although, bald.

Words and word combinations to be remembered

1) amount –количество, сумма 2) to arrange –устраивать, организовывать; договариваться; приводить в порядок 3) to brake –тормозить brake –тормоз 4) considerable – значительный 5) to cause –быть причиной,вызывать, причинять; заставлять cause –причина, повод 6) to create –создавать, проектировать, разрабатывать 7) customs– таможня 8) customer – клиент, заказчик 9) curve– кривая, кривой участок пути; поворот 10) to deliver – доставлять delivery – доставка 11) device –устройство, прибор 12) to employ –использовать; нанимать (на работу) employee –служащий, работник employer –наниматель, работодатель 13) to enable – позволять, давать возможность 14) grade– уклон, подъём steep grade – крутой уклон (подъём) 15) to handle (traffic) –осуществлять (перевозку), перевозить 16) to insure – страховать insurance – страхование 17) liquid (goods) – наливные грузы 18) to measure –измерять measure –мера to take measures –принимать меры 19) moreover – более того 20) quality – качество 21) to pass –проходить, проезжать 22) reliable – надёжный 23) to repair – ремонтировать repair – ремонт 24) schedule – расписание 25) to ship – отправлять shipment– отправка 26) tilting train –скоростной поезд 27) turnover –оборот freight turnover –грузооборот passenger turnover –пассажирооборот 28) to upgrade – реконструировать upgrading – реконструкция 29) valid –действительный

Mind the prepositions

1) to arrange withsomebody aboutsomething5)to make ofsomething

2) to be engaged in(doing) something6)onschedule

3) to take measuresagainstsomething/ somebody7) instead of(doing) something

4) to insure something against something

Ex.2. Describe the relationship between each of the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither).

1) curve /straight 9) to arrange/ to organize 17) schedule/ timetable

2) to ensure/ to insure 10) aim/ purpose/ objective 18) to try/ to attempt

3) device/ apparatus 11) cause/ reason 19) upgrading/ grade

4) employee/ employer 12) to upgrade/ to reconstruct 20) considerable/ insignificant

5) amount/quantity 13) to enable/ to allow/ to permit 21) to ensure/ to guarantee

6) customs/ customer 14) to create/ to develop 22) grade/ gradient

7) to employ/ to apply 15) reliable/ unreliable 23) curve/ bend/ turn

8) liquid/ solid 16) to repair/ to prepare 24) valid/ invalid

1) The [repair; employer; device; customers] required further improvement.

2) Thanks to new cars with greater capacity the freight [repair; turnover; insurance; quality] will be increased.

3) Unfortunately the damaged car was not [insured; used; employed; created].

4) When the engine-driver saw the truck, he [increased the speed; insured the train; tried to brake; delivered freight in time], but it was too late.

5) Since the tape recorder is still under guarantee, I think, I won't have to pay for the [repairs; delivery; customs; upgrading].

6) Where can I [sell; repair; ship; insure] my broken watch?

7) Tank cars are used to transport [automobiles; passengers; mail; liquid goods].

8) You should fill in your [customs; reliable; insurance; customer] declaration.

9) This [customer; measure; brake; curve] is very steep and dangerous. Be careful!

10) The post office [insures; delivers; arranges; works out] a considerable amount of letters each day.

11) [Tilting; freight; long-distance; commuter] trains pass curves at a high speed.

12) In some companies [employers; customers; passengers; employees] are not allowed to use the Internet for personal purpose during business hours.

13) The maximum train speed on the West Coast railway line (Great Britain) is 77 miles per hour but there are many sections where the speed is much lower because of [schedule; curves and steep grades; repair works; the weather].

14) The flood [ensured; insured; arranged; caused] millions of dollars worth of damage on the island.

15) The problem of how to stop long trains quickly, smoothly, and safely was not solved until the invention of the air [cushion; brake; plane; conditioner] by George Westinghouse in 1869.

Ex.5. Read and translate the sentences replacing the Russian words by their English equivalents. Be careful with Grammar.

1) The equipment производимый by our plant is of high качество 2) I am not sure that it is possible to отремонтировать this badly damaged car. 3) Tickets are действительный for one day only. 4) An undetected defect быть причиной an accident. 5) According to the таможня regulations passengers are not allowed to carry more than ten packages of cigarettes. 6) Используя modern technology we увеличивать service life of our equipment, более того we уменьшать its price. 7) When does this train прибывать? – According to the расписание it is due to arrive at 12.30 but because of track repair work, it is being delayed. 8) Проходя the curve high speed trainneed not decrease its speed. 9) Грузооборот was reduced из-за a значительный increase in transportation стоимость. 10) There are practically no кривой участок пути and крутой подъём on the Paris-Lyon high-speed route. 11) The underground railway is the quickest, самый безопасный, самый надёжный and comfortable means of city transport. 12) The car couldn’t stop because its тормоза were not working.

1) The engine-driver’s cab is equipped ___ new signaling devices. 2) The traffic police took drastic measures ___ drivers breaking the traffic safety rules. 3) The insurance company will pay ___ the damaged car. 4) The train cannot move ___ the same speed along the whole route ___ curves and up-grades. 5) The double-track railways are more convenient than single-track railways because the trains need not wait ___ the other trains to pass. 6) It was proposed to upgrade the existing railway track for high-speed movement ___ building a new one. 7) The heavy traffic ___ this section ___ track caused considerable delays ___ trains. 8) In some European countries tank wagons made ___ reinforced [армированный] plastics are used for carrying wine and fruit juices. 9) Any freight can be insured ___ damage and burglary. 10) This railway company is engaged ___ arranging freight service ___ large-tonnage containers.

against [2] at because of for [2] in [2] instead of of [3] on with

GRAMMAR REVIEW

(Gerund; attributive groups)

Ex.7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Gerund as a subject (on the left) and Participle I as an adverbial modifier (on the right).

▪ Reading is to the mind what exercise is to →▫Reading books we come to know many useful

the body. and interesting things.

▪ Setting the problem is the first step to its →▫Setting a problem the scientist makes the first

solution. step to its solution.

▪ Learning a foreign language is a long and →▫Learning a foreign language you learn the

slow process that takes a lot of time culture and history of the country where this

and patience. language is spoken.

▪ Learning a foreign language requires →▫Learning a foreign language one has to learn

working regularly. grammar rules and new words by heart.

▪ Constructing railways took much time →▫Constructing the railway workers use various

before the invention of a track-laying machines and mechanisms.

machine.

▪ Smoking is forbidden in most public →▫Smoking a cigar Mr. Wargrave ran in an

places in the United States. interested eye through the political news in

“The Times”.

▪ Planning your work is necessary if you →▫Planning his work he manages to do a lot of

want to succeed at the Institute. things.

▪ Watching television too close or for a too →▫Watching television, listening to the radio,

long time is dangerous for your eyes. reading newspapers people get information

about what is happening in the world.

▪ Traveling abroad has become now much →▫Traveling through various time zones people

easier and cheaper than ever before. can feel tired and experience jetlag.

to begin/ to start начинать to think of думать о

to go on/ to keep on/ to continue продолжать to dream ofмечтать о

to stop/ to finish прекращать, заканчивать to hear of слышать о

to enjoy/ to like/ to be fond of нравиться to decide againstрешать не делать

to hate/ to dislikeне нравиться to prevent from мешать

to need /to require нуждаться, требовать to result in приводить к

to postpone/ to put off откладывать to object to возражать против

to riskрисковать to look forward toждать с нетерпением

to remember/ to recall помнитьto be ready forбыть готовым к

to mind возражатьto be afraid of бояться

to suggest предлагатьto be capable of быть способным на

to avoid избегать to be engaged in заниматься

can’t help не может неto be surprised at удивляться

to insist on настаивать на to be good at хорошо справляться с

to excuse for извиняться заto be tired of устать от; надоесть

to thank forблагодарить заto be responsible for отвечать за

to congratulate onпоздравлять сto be worth стоит сделать

A. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb + gerund constructions.

1) They kept on talking though the band began playing. 2) I avoided speaking to them about that matter. 3) Try to avoiddrinking unboiled water. 4) I can’t insist on your staying a little longer because you risk missing the last train. 5) I can’t help thinking of it. 6) Would you mind my leaving for a few minutes? 7) Would you mind my joining the discussion? 8) Who is responsible in your company for taking the most serious decisions during the talks? 9) Have you ever dreamed ofearning a million dollars? 10) I’d like to thank you all for coming here today. 11) You should stop promising things you are unable to do. 12) He decided againstcalling her again. 13) I suggest holding another meeting next week. 14) I didn’t remember meeting her before but I pretended I knew her. 15) Why did they postpone discussing this project for an indefinite time? 16) She likes giving advice to other people. 17) Why does he object to signing the contract with this firm? 18) A heavy rain prevented the fire from spreading. 19) I can’t help being grateful to him for all he has done for me. 20) I live only a short way from here, so it is not worth taking a taxi to get home. 21) I don’t mind going by bus but I hate standing if there are a lot of people; it is better to go by Metro.

B. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions and gerunds formed from the verbs given in the box.

To answer to change to finish to fly to go to help to install to lose to make to pass to pay

35–60 points: You are a true extrovert. You enjoy being in a group. You have lots of self-confidence. You are an active practical person, and you are outward-looking. You enjoy making decisions and taking risks. But be careful; don’t be too much sure of yourself. Remember that you can hurt sensitive people by your lack of understanding.

26–34 points: Like many people, the outside world is as important to you as your own inner world. You are sometimes in between the extrovert and the introvert, and you can have the good qualities of both. But be careful that you haven’t all the bad qualities!

10–25 points: You are a true introvert. Your inner world of dreams and ideals is more important than the external world. You are neither realistic nor practical. You do not like showing your feelings to other people, in case they hurt you. Use your sensitivity to appreciate beautiful things and understand other people’s feelings.

Ex.15. Translate the following sentences paying attention to –ing forms.

1) They stopped a fast-running taxi. 2) Helicopters need very little space for taking off and landing. 3) Indian Railways has designed and built a prototype double-deck car having seats for 148 passengers. 4) Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways of hauling freight over long distances. 5) Russian trains run on 76 direct international lines linking Moscow with Paris, Copenhagen, Berne, Rome, Berlin and so on. 6) Having worked at the railway for several years, Paul gained much experience in driving electric locos. 7) I think that walking is the best way of traveling. 8) Having reached the river they stopped because there was no bridge across it. 9) This power station works 24 hours a day, supplying five million houses with electricity. 10) Around $1.2 billion is being spent on modernizing the 270 km suburban network of Sao Paolo (Brasil); this includes buying new trains, refurbishing existing stock, renewing signaling equipment, plus constructing new railway stations, rebuilding old ones and laying new tracks. 11) Talking on cellular phones while driving is very dangerous, that is why it is banned. 12) Engineers are trying to find the ways of reducing the cost of electrifying railways. 13) The Moscow railway junction, the largest terminal in this country, is equipped with up-to-date devices providingcoordinated operation of all the services. 14) Stopping fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine. 15) Two or more locomotives are used for pulling trains consisting of 80 freight cars. 16) Having tested the new locomotive, the engineers recommended it for series production. 17) When filling in the form, you must write your name and address clearly. 18) Passing by a shop window, he paid attention to the picture exhibited there.

Ex.16. Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to the attributive groups.

▫ the engine breakdown ▫ an emergency stopping device ▫ the ten car train

▫ high-speed train movement ▫ the super express railway line ▫ the train tickets

▫ the physics laboratory keys ▫ the locomotive and car-repair plant ▫ energy consumption

▫ the bus route length increase ▫ a 1,000 horse-power diesel engine ▫ a motor-car body

▫ the traffic safety rules ▫ steam locomotive efficiency ▫ a car service station

▫ the 200 miles long railway ▫ the commuter train derailment ▫ an energy source

▫ the car speed calculation ▫ the vertical take-off airplane ▫ the car parking-lot

▫ track repair work ▫ the train movement speed ▫ a bridge pile

▫ an engine cooling system ▫ high-quality steel production ▫ the go-anywhere car

▫ a remote control device ▫ a standard gauge express railway ▫ the iron ore train

▫ the low-grade cheap fuel ▫ the plush, aircraft-type seats ▫ the standard length rails

▫ the rush hour traffic jam ▫ environment protection ▫ a truck-stop cafe

▪ срок службы электровоза ▪ выставка железнодорожного транспорта

▪ реконструкция старого вокзала ▪ электронная система информирования пассажиров

▪ центр управления движением ▪ история строительства железных дорог

▪ вес грузового поезда ▪ стоимость содержания пути в исправном состоянии

▪ система энергоснабжения ▪ увеличение длины грузовых составов

▪ узкоколейная линия ▪ длина железнодорожного тоннеля

▪ время отправления экспресса ▪ мощность нового двигателя

The Kuibyshev Railway (KR) is one of the oldest railroads in Russia. Its history began in October 1874, when the first Morshansk-Sysran section was opened for regular train traffic.

Much has been changed since that time. Thousands kilometers of new lines have been built; steam locomotives have been replaced by diesel and electric tractive stock (80 per cent of all traffic is carried out by means of electric traction, 20 per cent – by means of diesel traction); automatic block system and Centralized Traffic Control are now being used instead of telegraph train communication; powerful industrial-technical basis has been created.

At present the KR is one of the largest mainlines of the Russian Federation, connecting its Centre and West with the major economic areas of the Urals, Siberia, Far East and countries of Middle Asia. The total operating length of the railway is over 4,800 km, 54 per cent of them is electrified. The steel lines extend through the territories of seven regions and three republics of the Russian Federation.

Great amounts of various cargoes are carried by the railway, among them are: oil and oil products, chemicals, timber, cement, construction materials. Every fifth tank car with liquid goods and every third motor car in Russia is shipped from stations of the KR. To handle freight traffic there are about 230 stations, including 58 stations on the territory of the Samara Region.

The KR ensures complex services to its customers. A cargo-owner has only to make an order, and shipment and delivery of goods will be provided «from door to door» with execution of transport papers, including insurance and customs documents. Moreover, there exists the system of informational customers' services, and a cargo-owner can get complete information of whereabouts of his freight. It is possible thanks to the computation centre of the KR, which ranks among the largest ones within the Russian railway network.

The main aim of the KR is to provide safe, reliable and fast rail transportation of passengers. Approximately 80 million passengers are carried by the railway annually. About 100 passenger long-distance trains and up to 250 local trains run on the railway daily. Six passenger trains of higher comfort run between Samara and Moscow, Pensa, Saransk, Ulyanovsk, Ufa. The schedule of such trains is worked out in accordance with the passengers' requirements as to arrival and departure time. The passengers are proposed various services both during their journeys and at the terminals: meals, latest newspapers and magazines, radio- and TV-broadcasting, security.

It should be said that the operation of the KR would be impossible without people. About 100,000 highly skilled specialists are employed by the KR, among them are: engineers, technical personnel, economists, engine drivers and their mates, passenger car conductors, car repair fitters, loaders and others. Much attention is paid to training, re-training and improving the qualification of both engineers and workers of mass trades.

The railway's own system of school education and professional training was created in the late 1900s. This system is constantly developing; it includes secondary, vocational and technical schools, as well as the Samara State Railway Academy. This higher school trains engineers, economists and book-keepers for the KR. It also has special extension courses for railway employees. They are organized so that each specialist may take this course for improving his/her qualification once in six years with or without discontinuing work.

Ex.20. Complete the following sentences and add something to develop the situation.

1) The Kuibyshev Railway… . 2) The history of this railway began… . 3) The KR connects… . 4) The total length… . 4) Diesel and electric tractive stock… . 5) Automatic block system and Centralized Traffic Control are… . 6) Various types of freight such as… . 7) To handle freight traffic… . 8) A cargo-owner has only to make an order… . 9) Thanks to the Computation Centre a cargo-owner… . 10) The main aim of the KR is… . 11) About 80 million passengers… . 12) About 100,000 highly skilled specialists… . 13) The system of training specialists for the railway includes… . 14) The Samara State Railway Academy not only trains specialists, but also… .

Ex.21. Correct the following sentences using the introductory phrases. See Lesson 1.

1) The KR is the oldest railway in Russia. 2) The KR connects Moscow and St. Petersburg. 3) Steam traction is used on some sections of the KR. 4) The total length of the railway is over 4,800 km and 100 per cent of them is electrified. 5) The KR handles only freight traffic. 6) Liquid goods are carried in box cars. 7) To handle freight traffic there are two stations on the territory of the Samara region. 8) The computation centre of the KR ranks among the largest ones in the world. 9) About 80,000 passengers are transported by the railway annually. 10) Six passenger trains of higher comfort run between Samara and London. 11) All passenger trains depart from the Samara terminal in the mornings. 12) About 100 railwaymen work at the railway. 13) Both engineers and workers of the KR have higher education.

Ex.22. Talk on the past and present of theKuibyshev Railway. To make your story logical keep to the following main items:

▪ Tell a few words about the history of the KR.

▪ Give a short characteristic of the present state of the KR: a) its length and the type of traction used; b) transportation of freight; c) transportation of passengers.

▪ Tell what you know about the people working at the railway and their training.

▪ If you once traveled by train belonging to the KR, tell about your impressions. What did you like and dislike about your travel.

1) Having privatized Rio’s suburban railway network, SuperVia…

a) increased fares. b) began refurbishing emus. c) fired all locomotive drivers.

2) SuperVia had to replace…

a) the system of power supply. b) the system of signaling. c) the worst sections of track.

3) The new and rebuilt emus are equipped with…

a) air-conditioning systems. b) computers and fax machines. c) long-distance telephones.

4) In 1998 the railway network carried…

a) 1.4 million riders a day. b) 170,000 passengers a month. c) 170,000 customers a day.

5) The ultimate aim of SuperVia is…

a) to increase the number of employees. b) to increase passenger traffic. c) to increase train fare.

TEXT C

Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.

INDIA’S RAILWAY PROJECT

The first plans for constructing a railway line along the west coast of India were proposed in 1880s but they were not carried out. A feeble attempt to extend the line from Bombay to Mangalore was made much later, but between 1964 and 1986 only 100 km of track were laid down. In 1990 the Konkani Railway Corporation was formed to build the remaining 760 km within 5 years. The new railway linking Bombay with Mangalore was inaugurated in 1996. It is 1127 km shorter than the old route.

The reduction in distance enabled the Konkani Railway to decrease the journey time. Even if trains run at a maximum of only 100 km per hour, the journey time between Bombay and Mangalore will come down from 41 hours to 15 hours. Train speeds of 130 km per hour or 160 km per hour will provide time savings that are even more spectacular. Besides it had been estimated that fuel saving of more than Rs2 billion was achieved.

About 11% of line goes through tunnels. These tunnels are equipped with sensors to monitor air contamination, temperature and visibility. The ventilation system is activated automatically via the data obtained from the sensors. The exact position of a train within the tunnel is indicated on a panel in the traffic control room* at the tunnel entrance. The Konkani Railway has the longest railway tunnel in India (6.5 km), the tallest viaduct in Asia (the 64 m). There are 2,134 bridges on the line.

An integrated computerized system covering trains control and scheduling, ticketing, rolling stock monitoring has been developed for the line operation – another innovation for India.

The Konkani Railway has a considerable impact on the lives of more than 10 million people who live in its adjacent area. Construction has already provided direct and indirect employment for a large number of people. The all-weather line provides a cheaper form of transport and accelerates industrial activity based on locally available minerals such as iron, ore, and bauxite.

The scenic beauty of the area is exceptional and 160 km/h express trains are being planned between Bombay and Goa to stimulate tourism in the region.

Note: *traffic control room – пункт управления движением

1) The Konkani Railway was inaugurated in…

a) 1986. b) 1990. c) 1996.

2) The reduction in distance resulted in…

a) increasing train speed. b) cutting down journey time. c) decreasing fare.

3) The speed potential of the Konkani Railway is…

a) 100 km/h. b) 130 km/h. c) 160 km/h.

4) About 11% of the line is laid down…

a) under the ground. b) in the tunnels. c) on the bridges.

5) The journey time from Bombay to Mangalore is…

a) 12 hours. b) 30 hours. c) 41 hours.

TEXT D

Read and translate the text using a dictionary. Put questions to the underlined words.

USA (Dallas)

LIGHT RAIL* ARRIVES IN THE LONE STAR STATE

The first stage of Dallas light rail network was inaugurated in June 1997. Marching bands, balloons, free rides created a lively atmosphere in Dallas, when the city and its surrounding region celebrated the Grand Opening of the first modern light rail line in Texas. The ceremonies were held in the city centre as well as at all 14 stationsalong the initial 16 km route.

More than 4,000 local officials and citizens from across the region gathered in temperatures of over +37° С to witness the opening of the light rail.

The Grand Opening, a five-day period of public celebrations, included a gala dinner, art program and parties at eight of the fourteen stations. Thanks to sponsorship from over 80 corporations, passengers were also able to ride free of charge for the whole of the following week in a «try-it-you'll-like-it» campaign. The biggest sponsors were recognized with their names on some of the cars exteriors.

Approximately 8,600 passengers rode the light rail line on the first afternoon. Regular commercial services began on June 24. The standard fares are: $1 for a single ticket and $2 for a return ticket, apart from the city centre zone where there is a 50 cent single ticket. Different discounts are proposed (e.g. passengers can buy 11 tickets for the price of 10, and there is also a “day pass” offering unlimited travel on light rail and bus services for just $3 a day).

Dallas light rail network has purchased 40 Light Rail Vehicles (LRV). Able to accommodate 160 passengers each, the cars have a top speed of 105km/h. The air-conditioned LRVs can operate singly or in trains of up to three depending on demand. Traffic frequency on the city centre section is 5 minutes and 10 minutes during the peak hours and off-peak hours respectively.

Capital Program of the Dallas light rail network development envisages construction of additional light rail and commuter rail routes over the next 15 years, creating a 145 km network by 2010.

Note:*light rail – высокоскоростная железная дорога местного значения

LESSON SIX

(Infinitive; Complex Object; Complex Subject; attributive groups)

Ex.5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to infinitives. State the functions of infinitives.

A. 1) To use steel rails instead of wooden ones was a great step forward. 2) It is very difficult to drive a car in a big city. 3) It will be quicker to return the book by mail. 4) The task of traffic police is to provide safety on roads. 5) Although David started his career as a small clerk, his aim was to become a head of a big business. 6) The mechanic was asked to estimate the cost for the repair of the car. 7) Suddenly the engine began to make a strange noise. 8) The train was too heavy to be hauled by one locomotive. 9) The new tunnel to be constructed here will be the longest in the country. 10) A special design bureau in St.Petersburg was the first in the world to develop the production of super-long escalators. 11) He was not old enough to drive a car at that time. 12) To make the Moscow-St.Petersburg line straight and level, 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built. 13) The railways must increase their speed to compete with air and road transport. 14) The lorry is too heavy to be towed by a car. 15) To avoid accidents the driver must strictly follow traffic rules. 16) A band of metal was used to strengthen the joint.

B. 1) The new branches of industry to be developed in this part of the country are metallurgy and radio engineering. 2) The function of the automatic engine driver is to start and stop the train, to select the speed of running and to keep strictly to the schedule. 3) To protect wooden sleepers against decay, they are treated with creosote. 4) In planning a railway route the main factors to be taken into account are the cost of constructing a line, the cost of operating it and the probable volume of traffic.5) The Tacoma Bridge collapsed because its structure was not strong enough to withstand the wind of 42 miles per hour. 6) Before the refrigerator car was invented, it was impossible to carry fresh meat, fruit, vegetables and other food products for long distances. 7) The boat is not strong enough to be used for distant journeys. 8) It is necessary to provide regular maintenance of the car. 9) In the USA the Baltimore Railway Company was the first to put forward the idea of centralized railway traffic. 10) In Hong Kong the new trains carrying passengers to and from the airport are equipped with TV sets to give information on flights, news, tourist information and weather. 11) It is dangerous to stand on the step of a moving train. 12) The aim of using several locomotives in one train is to carry extremely heavy loads. 13) Our design bureau has developed spiral escalators to be used in public buildings. 14) She is too proud to receive customers’ tips. 15) Some scientists say that it is dangerous to use cellular phone too much. 16) We are never too old to learn. 17) To know everything is to know nothing.

Ex.6. Complete the sentences using infinitives as subjects according to the model. If it is difficult for you to make up your own sentences, consult the box.

Model: It is dangerous… → It is dangerous to ride a motorcycle with closed eyes. =

1) It was quite difficult… 9) It was unpleasant…

2) It is important… 10) It was never easy for me…

3) It would be interesting… 11) It will take you half an hour…

4) It was foolish of him… 12) It is necessary…

5) It is always a pleasure… 13) It might be exciting…

6) It is impossible… 14) It is a good idea…

7) It is simple… 15) It is dangerous…

8) It is better… 16) It is easier…

to start the engine in such cold weather to get to the airport

to get a good dinner in our canteen to stand on this ladder

to communicate with people thanks to Internet to talk to you

to go to the country tomorrow to learn this rule by heart

to ride an elephant to get tickets for this train

to steal the money from the bank to receive the information today

to watch good films and to read good books to ride with a drunk driver

to get a visa to give up smoking

to buy this old car to see you

to hear the other side of the story to meet new people

to watch their quarrel to take part in this expedition

to give advice than to follow it to jump with a parachute

to play chess with Karpov to learn Japanese

to have few real friends than to have a lot of to be wealthy than to be healthy

acquaintances

Ex.7. Match two parts of the sentences paying attention to infinitives as predicatives.

1) The job of the dispatcher is… a) to repair the track as soon as possible.

2) Your duty will be… b) to find necessary equipment for

the experiment.

3) My wish is… c) to prepare breakfast.

4) The task of the workers was... d) to control the movement of trains.

5) The function of railway signals is… e) to visit it on foot.

6) The only chance to catch the train was… f) to look through the mail.

7) The main problem was… g) to construct the new bridge for both

railway and road traffic.

8) Their project is… h) to keep the trains at some distance from

one another.

9) The best way to get to know the city is… i) to go around the world.

10) Every morning my first job is… j) to hire a taxi.

Ex.8. Fill in the blanks with the infinitive forms of the appropriate verbs in the function of the object. Use your imagination and a dictionary if necessary.

Model: I was glad ___ a letter from you. → I was glad to get a letter from you.

1) Don’t forget ____ the lights before you go out. 2) I asked the passer-by ___ me the way to the nearest bank. 3) The police wanted ___ the cause of the accident. 4) I was surprised ___ Tim at the meeting. 5) Jack failed ___ the book to the library on time. 6) They agreed ___ the damage free of charge. 7) When I decided ___ English, I didn’t know how difficult it would be. 8) Only very wealthy tourists can afford ___ at the Hilton. 9) We were sorry ___ the bad news. 10) I promised ___ the CD by next weekend. 11) They planned ___ by train, but they went by car after all. 12) We’ve arranged ___ with their representatives to discuss the problem. 13) He hopes ___ this information tomorrow. 14) Unfortunately I didn’t manage ___ the exam. 15) She was pleased ___ the invitation to the party. 16) We were relieved ___ that he had arrived safely. 17) The inspector asked the passengers ___ their tickets. 18) We were lucky ___ the last tickets for the 12 o’clock train.

Ex.9. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate infinitive as the attribute from the box. The first one is done for you.

Alarm-clocks produced in that city are rather pleasant to look at but they, extremely rare if ever, wake you up at a proper time. Once a man came to a lawyer with a demand to charge [взимать плату] the plant producing these alarm-clocks the fare of the flight from New York to Texas. On hearingthis demand the lawyer couldn’t help being surprised. It took the man demandinghis money several minutes to explain what the matter was. The alarm-clock didn’t ring at the requiredtime and the man sleeping soundly was late for his plane. The lawyer didn’t consider the explanation given reliable enough and decided to make an experiment. He went to the shop sellingthese alarm-clocks. They put four alarm-clocks to ring at 7 a.m. In the morning it turned out that two of them stopped long before the required time. One of the tested alarm-clocks didn’t ring at all. And the last rang at 9 a.m. The data received made it possible for the man to get his money back.

Ex.14. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive construction Complex Subject.

A.1) Customer is known to be always right. 2) Do you happen to know when the train will arrive? 3) The repair of the track is likely to be over in an hour. 4) Weappear to have metbefore. 5) He is unlikely to follow your recommendations. 6) This work seems to take much time. 7) Thunderstorm is said to be approaching. 9) They were expected to takea taxi. 10) The suitcase seemed to get heavier and heavier as I carried it along the road. 11) The price of the tickets proved to be not very high. 12) Heappearsto be right. 13) The car seemed to be in excellent condition. 14) He turned out to become a good specialist. 15) Do you happen to know who can repair this device? 16) Sheseemsto be waiting for you.

B.1) The train timetable is known to be always compiled for a long period, generally for six months. 2) Have you happened to see where they parked their car? 3) He seems to know what he is talking about. 4) The electric locomotive’s service life is said to be about 30 years. 5) She is unlikely to go by plane, because she is airsick. 6) Firms from more than 20 countries are expected to take part in the next international railway transport exhibition in Moscow. 7) The French super-train “Aquitaine” was reported to cover the 580 km distance fromParis to Bordeaux non-stop in four hours. 8) At a large terminal there are so many tracks that trains seem to be arriving or departing every minute. 9) The railways are known to carry 80 per cent of all freight because only the railways can transport anything, almost anywhere and do it without thinking of weather conditions. 10) The price of railway tickets was reported to be increased in summer.

▫ Two new Metro stations ▫ The weather ▫ The VL80 Locomotive ▫ The atom ▫ The boxes with equipment ▫ The new power-station ▫ Ink

▫ was thought ▫ is supposed ▫ were said ▫ is expected ▫ are expected ▫ is known ▫ was reported

▫ to change for the better. ▫ to be built in a far-off region. ▫ to be indivisible for a long period of time. ▫ to have been already unloaded. ▫ to be put into operation next year. ▫ to have been invented in Egypt. ▫ to be designed for hauling trains of up to 4,500 tons on sections with steep grades.

▫ New buses ▫ The doctor ▫ Bad weather sometimes ▫ This metal ▫ You ▫ He ▫ She

▫ happened ▫ happens ▫ appears ▫ seem ▫ seems ▫ proved ▫ turned out

▫ to have lost the key to her suitcase. ▫ to know how to handle this device. ▫ to be there at the time of the accident. ▫ to have changed since I saw you last. ▫ to be very brittle. ▫ to result in a flight delay. ▫ to be very comfortable.

▫ I ▫ You ▫ She ▫ They ▫ John ▫ The book ▫ The train

▫ is likely ▫ am sure ▫ is sure ▫ is unlikely ▫ are unlikely ▫ are certain ▫ is certain

▫ to be given excellent recommendations. ▫ to reach the destination on time. ▫ to attract everybody’s attention. ▫ to be able to repair your computer. ▫ to have something to say. ▫ to know about his arrival. ▫ to change her mind.

Ex.16. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the construction Complex Subject.

1) Ожидалось, что результаты эксперимента будут опубликованы в журнале. 2) Вы, случайно, не знаете, почему поезд опаздывает? 3) Говорят, что груз был задержан [to hold up] на таможне. 4) Судя по всему, этот участок пути скоро будет открыт для движения. 5) Сообщили, что новая железнодорожная линия будет на 40 км короче, чем старая. 6) Я случайно встретил его на станции. 7) Ты непременно опоздаешь на поезд, если не [unless] поторопишься. 8) Вероятно, она забыла зонтик в автобусе. 9) Стальные вагоны, конечно, более безопасные и надёжные, чем деревянные. 10) Вряд ли он поможет вам. Он сейчас занят. 11) Полагают, что новая железная дорога откроет новые возможности [opportunity] для международного сотрудничества.

Ex.17. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the construction Complex Object.

A.1) They expected him to buy a more expensive car. 2) We didn’t expect this information to be announced on the radio. 3) Do you know Samuel Morse to have been a painter by profession? 4) We know many railway lines to have been damaged during the war. 5) Scientists believe new laser devices to be widely usedin medicine. 6) I wish a taxi to wait for me fifteen minutes. 7) The manager made Mary copy the report again. 8) Many people saw the bridge collapse. 9) They watched the plane go up until it became quite a small spot up in the sky. 10) They did not notice us pass by. 11) Do you want a porter to carry your luggage to the compartment?

B.1) Nobody expected the president of the company to come to the party. 2) Twice a year people see birds fly south and north but we don't know how they find their way. 3) I wouldn’t like this report to be discussed in my absence. 4) What made you change your mind? 5) Carrying out the experiments with electric telegraph, S. Morse noticed a pencil make a wavy line when connected to an electric wire. 6) The excellent properties of Damascus steel made metallurgists of the whole world look for the lost secret of its production. 7) Who allowed you to take these documents? 8) Bad weather conditions made pilots switch over to automatic control. 9) Nowadays people can watch on television the cosmonauts work in space, “Lunokhod” move on the surface of the Moon and Olympic Games take place on the other side of the globe. 10) Socrates is known to be the great Greek philosopher and orator. A talkative young man wanted Socrates to teach him oratory. He begged Socrates to hear him speak on some subject. Socrates let him talk as much as he liked and then said: «You must pay me double price because I'll have to teach you two sciences: how to speak and how to hold your tongue! »

▫ We ▫ The director ▫ The scientists ▫ The chief engineer ▫ I ▫ Everybody ▫ The news programs

▫ wanted ▫ knows ▫ reported ▫ ordered ▫ don’t want ▫ didn’t expect ▫ consider

▫ their discovery ▫ you ▫ him ▫ the electric current ▫ these devices ▫ his letters ▫ the plane

▫ to be repaired as fast as possible. ▫ to drive so fast. ▫ to be sent by airmail. ▫ to be the motion of electrons through an electric conductor. ▫ to land safely. ▫ to return so soon. ▫ to produce great changes in the field of electronics.

▫ The ticket inspector ▫ We ▫ A lot of people ▫ Nothing ▫ The passengers ▫ She ▫ I

▫ noticed ▫ could make ▫ didn’t hear ▫ saw ▫ made ▫ didn’t feel ▫ watched

▫ the sportsmen ▫ two passengers ▫ the car ▫ the train ▫ me ▫ the children ▫ him

▫ change his opinion. ▫ jump on to the running tram. ▫ disappear round the corner of the street. ▫ start. ▫ come up because the radio was making a lot of noise. ▫ jump with parachutes. ▫ get off the bus because they didn’t pay fares.

Ex.19. Complete the following sentences using infinitives with to or without to.

Model: Have you ever seen them__? → Have you ever seen them help their friends?

1) I would like my friends___. 2) His parents expect him___. 3) We saw her___. 4) We heard them___. 5) We watched the train___. 6) I suppose her___. 7) The teacher didn't let the students___. 8) Nobody expected him___. 9) We saw the car___. 10) We know him___. 11) They made us___. 12) They believed him___. 13) You can't make me___. 14) I don't think him___. 15) The teacher does not consider him___. 16) I heard you ___.

Ex.20. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the construction Complex Object.

1) Мы не ожидали, что он отложит обсуждение этого проекта. 2) Я знаю, что она проводит научно-исследовательскую работу в области [field] химии. 3) Мы полагаем, что ты справишься с [to cope with] этой работой. 4) Мне бы не хотелось, чтобы ты опаздывал. 5) Вы не видели, как произошла авария? 6) Водитель такси отказался взять чек; он хотел, чтобы пассажир заплатил наличными [in cash]. 7) Мы хотели, чтобы он рассказал нам о своей поездке в Лондон. 8) Ты знаешь, что они уехали за границу два дня назад? 9) Они надеялись, что эксперимент окажется удачным. 10) Я слышал, как он рассказывал эту историю много раз. 11) Я думал, что вы встретите меня на вокзале.

☻Ex.21. Read and Smile. Translate the following story into Russian. Try to find sentences with the construction Complex Object (five sentences are a good result but maybe you will be able to find more).

Linda, a girl of thirty, wanted any young handsome man to propose to her. But nobody turned up and she had only her dreams.

It was midnight, she was lying on the couch, her eyes were closed and she was dreaming about her prince who was sure to come. It was quite dark in the room and suddenly she felt a gentle wind blow and then heard somebody enter the room. She opened her eyes and saw a young handsome man lean over her dressing-table. It must be him, the prince she had been dreaming of for such a long time. And she burst out crying and saying: “Darling! Dearest! You’ve come at last!” These words made him shudder. She noticed the expression of his face change suddenly. “I’m no darling of yours,” protested the man. “But yes, you are!” answered Linda with determination. And she tried to embrace him. “Leave me alone, can’t you see, I’m no boy-friend of yours! I’m only a burglar!” And Linda saw the young man rush out of the room.

Ex.22. Translate the following attributive groups. What parts of speech are the attributes expressed by?

▫ the city power supply system ▫ the driver fined for speeding

▫ the departing and arriving trains ▫ heavily loaded vehicle

▫ low cost of transporting freight ▫ the train passing the curve

▫ the devices to be packed into the boxes ▫ train speed restriction signs

▫ the problem of increasing train speeds ▫ passenger service quality

▫ the computers to be supplied by this firm ▫ the engine troubles

▫ the possibility of applying atomic energy ▫ the trailers made of stainless steel

▫ the railway line laid down through ▫ successful research

forests and marshes ▫ average freight train speed

▫ the time of covering each section of the track ▫ high speeds of running

▫ a cargo weighing several tons ▫ the train moving on schedule

▫ improved methods of constructing ▫ the cars parked near the terminal

▫ the opportunity of traveling free of charge ▫ a 82 horse-power engine

▫ a tunnel to be bored through the mountain ▫ an overcrowded bus

▫ the cost of repairing the damaged cars ▫ the road surface to be repaired

▫ goods to be carried in large-tonnage ▫ a running engine.

containers

▪ мост, соединяющий два острова ▪ доставка грузов

▪ правила дорожного движения ▪ порожний вагон

▪ пути улучшения пассажирского ▪ автомобиль, имеющий электрический

обслуживания двигатель

▪ часы, которые нужно отремонтировать ▪ проект реконструкции вокзала

▪ шпалы, сделанные из стали ▪ поезд, подходящий к станции

▪ временный мост ▪ увеличение скорости движения поездов

▪ грузовой поезд, состоящий из 60 вагонов ▪ оборудование, установленное в офисе

▪ новые приборы, которые будут ▪ машина, развивающая скорость 160 км/ч

использовать для проведения опыта ▪ двигатель, изобретённый Ползуновым

▪ интенсивное движение ▪ мост, который будет построен

▪ билеты, купленные заранее ▪ рабочие, ремонтирующие дорогу

▪ возрастающая стоимость топлива ▪ реконструкция железнодорожного моста

▪ оборудование, которое необходимо ▪ телефонные линии, повреждённые

заменить ураганом

▪ дорога, построенная недавно ▪ поезд, отправляющийся в Лондон.

1) The accident resulted to a traffic jam. [1] 2) The first self-propelled vehicle in Russia has been made Ivan Kulibin in the 18^th century. [2] 3) The shuttle-train cover the distance from London in Paris in 3 hours 40 minutes. [2] 4) Wooden sleepers treat with creosote to prevent it from decay. [2] 5) Where has been a two-speed escalator developed? [1] 6) Nowadays the air over large cities is been contaminated by transport and industry. [2] 7) Not all the necessary things have been buyed for our trip that is why the departure have been postponed. [2] 8) Tomas Edison began working at the railway, when newspapers and snack he were selling. [2] 9) The construction the first steam locomotive in Russia will be connected with the name of the Cherepanov. [3] 10) A totally new ticket-vending systems has been install for our terminal. [3] 11) When was proposed the project of constructing of the Channel Tunnel? [2]

Ex.24. TEST. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.

1) Dad phoned us and asked if our luggage ___ already ___.

a) is packed b) was packed c) had been packed

2) You can’t take this tape-recorder because it ___ yet.

a) was not repaired b) has not been repaired c) is not repaired

3) Tickets ___ usually ___ long before the train departure.

a) are sold b) have sold c) are being sold

4) I was late because of my watch. It ___.

a) stops b) is stopping c) has stopped

5) We ___ the old engine by a new and more powerful one.

a) have replaced b) have been replaced c) were replaced

6) When we arrived in London, the famous Tower Bridge ___.

a) will be reconstructed b) was reconstructing c) was being reconstructed

7) I was told that the schedule of this train ___ recently ___.

a) has been changed b) was changed c) had been changed

8) Before the invention of steel all the railway cars ___ of wood.

a) were being made b) were made c) had been made

9) The workers always ___ the carriages before the train departure.

a) inspect b) are inspecting c) are inspected

10) Before starting the car the driver ___ the engine.

a) had examined b) has examined c) was examined

11) Mercury ___ at 357.25 degrees Centigrade.

a) had boiled b) boils c) is boiling

12) I regularly see him at the tram stop, but I ___ him since Monday.

a) don’t see b) haven’t seen c) didn’t see

*The results of the test: If your score is 10-12 correct answers, you are doing just great; 8-9 stand for good knowledge; 6-8 mean you have some problems; if the number of your correct answers is less than 6, go and learn the rules.

Ex.25. Put questions to the underlined words.

1) He has traveled by plane just once. 2) They learnt about the railway accident from thenewspaper. 3) Our train departs late in the evening. 4) Plenty of sand will be required for building the road. 5) This distance can be covered by train in an hour. 6) Lorries were moving slowly along the mountain road. 7) The Railway International Journal publishes a lot of articles about the construction of high-speed railways all over the world. 8)The passengers have been just invited to take the train.9) The mechanic replaced some out-of-date parts of this machine. 10) We suddenly discovered that we had lost our way. 11) Damages due to the computer’s error were assessed at $1,000. 12) The first automobiles appeared on the roads at the end of the 19^th century. 13) Hungary is situated in the center of international trade routes, that is why freight traffic is constantly increasing. 14) He was fined for careless driving. 15) For several miles the road runs through a thick forest. 16) The electric equipment has been manufactured in France. 17) Refrigerator cars are widely used for carrying perishable goods. 18) They had to stop to fuel the car. 19) Tunnels are built for direct movement of automobiles or trains through mountain ranges or under rivers.

TEXT A

(Part 1)

The English Channel (Frenchmen call it “La Manche” – which means ‘the sleeve’) is one of the world's most extraordinary pieces of water. For centuries, the Channel has been Britain's defense against invaders. It has also been the way to the Continent. Sailors know it as perhaps the most dangerous sea channel in Europe. Over the years, people have crossed the tunnel by balloons, canoes, rowing boats, parachutes, water skis and by swimming! The British seem to enjoy using the strange methods of crossing the Channel, using everything from a car to a bed.

Connecting the Isles of Great Britain to mainland Europe by means of a tunnel is an idea that appeared more than 200 years ago. Nevertheless we can name very few projects against which there existed a deeper and more powerful prejudice than the construction of a railway tunnel between Dover and Calais. The objections have been cultural, political and, of course, military. The British government objected to the scheme mainly because they thought that the enemy could easily invade England through such a tunnel.

It can be said that the long history of the Channel Tunnel began in 1802 when a French engineer, Albert Mathieu, according to the order of Napoleon, worked out a project of a tunnel to link France with England. But his project was not carried out, because the war between these countries began in 1803 and the Britons were glad that they were separated from the French by the Channel.

Seventy years later, a British colonel, Ernst Beaumont, began tunneling his way out of his native country using equipment that he designed himself, until he was stopped on grounds of national security. In 1950s a research group was set up to study the possibility of the Channel Tunnel construction. In 1963 this group submitted its report to the British and French governments. But when they were to make a final decision about the Channel Tunnel, the British Government refused from its construction because of financial difficulties.

Only in 1987 the question of the Channel Tunnel was studied afresh by a group of French and British engineers and the work actually began. They agreed to start constructing the Eurotunnel, as it was called, on both English and French coasts. The Tunnel was bored under the sea through a layer of dense chalk which is known to be free of cracks and allows water to penetrate it slowly. Saturday, December 1, 1990 was not an ordinary day in the Channel’s long history. At 11.00 a.m. two miners, one Frenchman and one Englishman, cut through the last few centimeters of chalk separating the UK from Europe. The Tunnel was officially opened for traffic on May 7, 1994.

(Part 2)

The Channel Tunnel actually consists of three tunnels: the two running tunnels* and the service tunnel**. Single-track railway lines are laid down in each of the running tunnels. Normally, one of them carries passenger and freight trains from Britain to France and the other carries trains in the opposite direction. If one of the running tunnels is closed for maintenance, the other is used for train movement in both directions. A smaller third tunnel lies between the two train tunnels. It is called the service tunnel. There is a roadway inside it, so maintenance workers and emergency teams can reach any point of the Tunnel system in their road vehicles. The service tunnel is linked to the running tunnels at regular intervals by cross-passages***. In case of emergency or a train breakdown the passengers will leave the train through one of the cross-passages into the service tunnel where road vehicles will evacuate them to a safer place.

The total length of the Tunnel is about 50 km (3.7 km is laid underneath French territory; 9 km is laid underneath British territory and 37 km of the line is constructed under the waters of the English Channel). The electric trains run every 3 minutes during peak hours, providing the carrying capacity of 4,000 vehicles per hour in both directions. A typical passenger shuttle consists of 26 wagons. 13 double-deck carriages are used for carrying cars of average size; another 13 single-deck wagons are used for transporting buses and vans. Freight shuttles consist of 25 single-deck wagons. Each of them is capable of carrying a vehicle weighing up to 44 tons. Two electric locomotives are coupled in front and at the rear of each shuttle.

The time of crossing the Tunnel is 35 minutes, about an hour less than by ferry. Passengers and drivers remain in their vehicles. The gauge of the tunnel railway is standard that’s why the tunnel can be used for international passenger and freight trains.

Original estimate of construction cost was 7.2 billion dollars, but cost to date is 13.1 billion dollars shared between Britain, France and other investors. So far the project has not been quite profitable and still needs more investments.

The Tunnel personnel do its best to make passengers feel comfortable and safe during the crossing. But as it was mentioned by the commercial director of the Tunnel, they still have many serious problems and one of them is safety. Nevertheless, the authorities are sure to be able to solve all the problems successfully.

Notes: *running tunnel – эксплуатационный тоннель

**service tunnel – служебный тоннель

***cross-passage – поперечный переход

Ex.26. Answer the following general questions:

1. Was the first design of the Channel Tunnel proposed in 1851?

2. Had only two projects been considered before the actual tunneling began?

3. Did the construction proceed very quickly?

4. Are double-track railway lines laid down in the running tunnels?

5. Is there a roadway inside the service tunnel?

6. Do the electric trains operate in the Channel Tunnel?

7. Does a typical passenger shuttle consist of 26 wagons?

8. Is the time of crossing the Channel Tunnel 30 minutes?

9. Has each shuttle two electric locomotives coupled in front and at the rear?

10. Can the Tunnel be used for international passenger and freight trains?

Ex.27. True or false? Correct the false statements.

1) The first project of the Tunnel was worked out in 1802. 2) The English engineer was the first to propose this project. 3) The construction of the Tunnel was in progress when the war (1803) began. 3) Ernst Beaumont was the second Frenchman to propose the project of the construction. 5) He began constructing the Tunnel, and the work was successfully completed. 6) The third project was proposed by a group of French, English and American engineers. 7) This project was approved by both French and English governments. 8) France opposed to the tunnel construction because of financial difficulties. 9) The construction actually began in 1988. 10) The work proceeded very slowly and was completed only 20 years later. 11) The Tunnel was opened for traffic on May 1, 1994. 12) The total length of the Tunnel is 37 km. 13) Passengers are carried in trains but freight is transported in horse-drawn carts. 14) The traffic frequency of trains is 4,000 vehicles per hour. 15) One can cross the tunnel on foot or by bicycle. 16) The project is very profitable.

a) When did people begin tunneling? b) Where were the first tunnels built? c) What were tunnels built for?

Tunneling is difficult, expensive and dangerous engineering work. Tunnels are built to provide direct automobile or railway routes through mountain ranges or under rivers. Before the 19^th century men had not acquired enough skill in engineering to carry out extensive tunneling. Tunnels, however, were known in ancient times. The first-known tunnel was dug in Babylon in about 2180–60 BC. It passed under the Euphrates River and connected the royal palace with a temple. An early Greek tunnel was completed in 687 BC on the island of Samos as part of an aqueduct system.

The Romans built many aqueduct tunnels throughout their vast empire. Their greatest feat was a 3.5-mile (5.6-kilometer) tunnel to drain Lake Fucino in Italy to create Fucino Basin. Few tunnels were built during the next thousand years. Some irrigation tunnels were constructed in Spain during the early 1400s, and in about 1450 a project was begun in the Maritime Alps [Приморские Альпы] to link Nice and Genoa. This work, however, was never completed.

By the 17th century tunnels were being constructed for use as canals. During the 19th and 20th centuries the development of railroad and, later, motor-vehicle transportation led to a tremendous expansion worldwide in the number of tunnels and in their length.

Early tunnel-building techniques varied. The Egyptians used copper saws that were capable of cutting soft rock, while the Babylonians constructed masonry tunnels. The Romans tunneled through solid rock by heating the rock face with fire and then rapidly cooling it with water, causing the rock to crack. Tunnel building has always been hazardous, and often hundreds or even thousands of workers died constructing ancient tunnels. The development of modern tunneling technology has also included vast improvements in worker safety.

a) When was the first Alpine tunnel built? b) How is it called? c) What new device was used during tunneling for the first time?

Ever since the early days of civilization in Europe the Alps have been a barrier to the movements of people. The first Alpine tunnel to be constructed was the Mont Cenus tunnel. This great project dates back to 1857. This tunnel is of great technical interest because at that time the only way to get through the rock was to use hand tools. At first the construction advanced very slowly. In fact, if it had continued at the initial pace, it would have taken 5 years to complete the tunnel! However, with compressed air drills and dynamite being introduced, progress was accelerated. Work on the Mont Cenus tunnel started in August 1857 and finished in December 1870.

a) What is the name of the second tunnel cut through the Alps? b) What is the length of the tunnel? c) Why was it dangerous to build tunnels at that time?

The next great and extremely difficult task was the construction of the St. Gotthard tunnel. Italian and Swiss engineers started working on this project in 1872. This tunnel 9.3 miles long was completed 9 years later as compared with 14 years required to make the Mont Cenus tunnel. It should be noted that during the period of construction no less then 800 men lost their lives because of poor ventilation. The only means of ventilating was the compressed air exhausted from the drills. It was so insufficient that the death rate among the workers was extremely great. Needless to say that the ventilation ought to have been much better.

a) What is the longest tunnel cut through the Alps? b) What was done to improve ventilation in the course of tunneling? c) Why was a smaller bore (диаметр тоннеля) adopted?

Both the Mont Cenus and the St. Gotthard tunnels are known to be single tunnels. But when it was decided to bore the Simplon tunnel through the Alps, a different scheme was adopted because geological conditions in this part of the mountains were not simple. The planned length of 12.3 miles was greater than had been done before. According to the project two tunnels were cut, side by side, with transverse galleries connecting them at certain intervals. In this way ventilation was greatly improved and the removal of soil was made much easier. Each tunnel could take only one railway track, so a smaller bore was adopted. Had the tunnel been made the same size as the earlier ones, it might never have been completed. These arrangements made the construction much safer.

TEXT C

Read the text and translate it with a dictionary if necessary. Find out what caused the Tay Bridge and the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disasters and what materials were used for constructing bridges.

The first bridges were all designed empirically, from the experience gained by previous failures and successes. The history of bridge construction knows many examples when the bridges were built without basic knowledge of Mathematics, which resulted in great tragedies. Engineering failures, although often very costly in life and money, taught extremely valuable lessons.

You must have heard of Tay Bridge disaster which took place at the end of the last century. The Tay Bridge was designed by Thomas Bouch and opened in June 1878. It was two miles long and spoken about as one of the wonders of the world. But unfortunately principles of aerodynamics which should have been used in designing the bridge were yet unknown. So, the bridge was built without any knowledge about the force a wind can exert on the bridge.

On Sunday afternoon, the 28^th of December, 1879, a storm broke out at that place. By evening the wind had reached the greatest force, and the people began to be nervous of what might happen to it in such weather. Some of them went to the end of the bridge to await the arrival of the evening train from Edinburgh. What they saw was a lighted train crossing the bridge. Suddenly the lights disappeared as the engine and coaches fell into the water. All aboard the train were lost and it was difficult to estimate the exact number of people, as some may have been carried out to sea.

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge in the USA, which was the third longest bridge in the world, was opened for traffic in July 1940. Owing to its behavior in wind, it was nicknamed «Galloping Gertie». The deck of the bridge not only swayed sideways but large vertical waves appeared, and the roadway oscillated up and down under the action of quite moderate winds. Drivers of cars reported that when they crossed the bridge vehicles ahead of them completely disappeared from view and reappeared several times, owing to the wavy motion of the roadway.

From the very beginning it was clear that the bridge structure ought to have been strengthened. So, before the bridge was opened several attempts had been made to damp out [уменьшать амплитуду] the oscillations of the main span. But they all were not a success. In November 1940, only four months after the bridge was constructed, it collapsed under the action of wind of only 42 mph, whereas generally bridges are designed to withstand winds of 120 mph.

Early bridges had to be built out of material close at hand. In tropical jungles suspension bridges were made of long bamboo poles. In the places where there were many forests it was wood. In northern areas pier bridges were built out of stone. In Middle Ages people constructed wooden beam type bridges. They were usually built on stone piers or wooden piles. Later, there appeared concrete and metal bridges.

Nowadays some people are experimenting with different unusual materials. One of them is paper. Everyone associated paper with weakness. But paper-makers consider it to be a very strong material. In order to prove it paper-makers built a paper bridge across a narrow canyon in Nevada.

The bridge covered a span of 32 feet. The designers calculated that it could safely span 80 feet. The structure is ten feet wide and four feet high. It took the engineers only two months to design the bridge, to test and construct it. For testing the engineers chose a truck which weighted 12,000 lb (pounds). This truck drove quite safely across the paper bridge. The engineers are sure that the bridge can take six times the truck load of 12,000 lb. The bridge itself weighs 9,000 lb. So, the structure is light enough to be laid into place by helicopter.

COMPUTERS

Words and word combinations to be remembered

1) access –доступ 2) to calculate – вычислять, рассчитывать 3) to click – нажимать, щёлкать 4) compatible –совместимый 5)data – данные, сведения; информация 6) to display– отображать, показывать display– показ; дисплей 7) to download –загружать download – загрузка 8)drawback –недостаток 9) enormous– огромный 10) to erase –стирать 11) error– ошибка 12) to handle –управлять, регулировать 13) hardware – машинное обеспечение компьютера 14) icon – значок 15) keyboard– клавиатура 16) to occupy – занимать 17) to occur – происходить occurrence– происшествие, случай 18) to perform – выполнять 19) to process – обрабатывать 20) to record – записывать record– запись tape recorder –магнитофон 21) to replicate –копировать 22) screen –экран 23) software – программное обеспечение компьютера 24) to solve – решать 25) to sound –звучать sound – звук 26) to spread (spread, spread) –распространяться 27)to store – хранить storage– память, запоминающее устройство 28) to supply (withsmth.) – обеспечивать, снабжать (чем-либо)

Ex.2. Describe the relationship between each of the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither):

1) to occur/ to happen/ to take place 16) inevitable/ avoidable

2) output/ input 17) to delete/ to destroy/ to eradicate

3) to replicate/ to copy 18) drawback/ disadvantage

4) permanent/ temporary 19) to record/ to erase

5) to store/ to delete 20) to carry out/ to perform/ to execute

6) to provide/ to supply 21) screen/ monitor

7) drawback/ advantage 22) to erase/ to restore

8) to calculate/ to compute/ to count 23) to store/ to keep

9) enormous/ huge/ vast/ gigantic 24) main/ basic

10) to turn on/ to turn off 25) to include/ to comprise

11) particularly/ especially 26) experienced/ inexperienced

12) to install/ to set 27) access/ admittance

13) compatible/ incompatible 28) useful/ useless

14) to display/ to show 29) mistake/ error

15) to record/ to reduce 30) to download/ to reload

Ex.3. Match the words in the left column with their translation on the right.

1) central processing unit	a) дисковод
2) database	b) лазерный принтер
3) disk drive	c) жесткий диск
4) floppy disk (diskette)	d) устройство вывода данных
5) hard disk	e) интегральная схема
6) input device	f) база данных
7) integrated circuit (chip)	g) периферийные устройства
8) laser printer	h) дистанционное управление
9) output device	i) гибкий диск (дискета)
10) peripherals	j) режим отключения экрана при паузах в работе
11) remote control	k) запоминающее устройство
12) storage device	l) центральный процессор
13) word processor	m) устройство ввода данных
14) screen saver	n) текстовой процессор

1) The hardware [includes; copies; consists of; comprises] a computer and all its peripherals such as the monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.

2) The hardest work in mines is now [performed; fulfilled; recorded; implemented; carried out] by robots.

3) Most phones now have memories for [accessing; storing; keeping] frequently used numbers.

4) Many countries have cable TV, a system [using; spreading; employing; applying] wires for transmitting TV programs.

5) A video phone has a device, which [allows; displays; permits; enables] us to see a room and the face of the person speaking.

6) Howard Aiken [stored; designed; developed] a number of automatic machines to solve differential equations.

7) The first electronic computers were like very large furnaces, consuming [enormous; basic; giant; huge] quantities of electrical power.

8) Сomputers can do many things that people do, but [faster; slower; swifter; quicker] and better. They [can; should; are able to] control trains or machines at factories, work out tomorrow's weather forecast and even play chess, write poetry or compose music.

9) The preparation of computer [software; peripherals; programs] takes up as much, if not more time as the actual [production; manufacture; download] of the hardware and is by no means easier.

10) The research didn’t give the expected results because of the [drawback; error; blunder; mistake] in the [computation; calculation; installation].

11) [Going on; turning on; switching on] the tape-recorder, I immediately noticed that it was not working properly.

Ex.7. Fill in the blanks with the missing words. Consult the box.

1) The fire brigade arrived just in time, before the fire could ___. 2) Damages due to computer’s ___ were assessed at $1000. 3) The information should be fed into the computer for ___. 4) How many letter keys are there on this computer ___? 5) This ___ needs four batteries to power it. 6) The music started playing and everybody looked at the ___. 7) Press this button to ___ the device. 8) Nobody knew how to set a ___ to switch off the monitor screen. 9) It took the operator some time to find the necessary ___. 10) The smallest ___ holds more information than 100 floppies. 11) You can get ___ to a great amount of information with the help of CD-ROM. 12) The ___ doesn’t work if you hold it in the air like a remote control. 13) People send ___ messages with the help of the Internet, a system that lets computers connect by telephone lines. 14) A ___ is used for sending and receiving copies of original documents via a phone line. 15) I heard a noise which ___ like a helicopter. 16) When I tried to ___ the tape it got stuck.

1) Если завтра у меня будет время, я куплю билет. 2) Если бы у меня сегодня было время, я бы купил билет. 3) Если бы вчера у меня было время, я бы купил билет. 4) Если бы я был на твоём месте, я бы принял их предложение. 5)Если бы у нас была машина, мы бы встретили его. 6) Если бы я не был писателем, я бы стал учёным. 7) Если ваша фирма купит несколько компьютеров, то вы получите 5% скидку. 8) Если бы у тебя был компьютер, ты бы перевёл текст быстрее. 9) Если бы я был на твоём месте, я бы последовал его совету. 10) Если поезд придёт по расписанию, мы сможем посмотреть футбольный матч.

Ex.15. Look at the dictionary for the meaning of the following compound conjunctions: as...as, as long as, as high as, as wide as, as soon as, as well as, both...and, either...or, neither...nor, so that, the…the. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) The traffic remained stationary so that the ambulance could pass. 2) The construction of both the bridge and the dam will be completed before the navigation season. 3) You can get to that part of the city either by bus or by underground. 4) As soon as the calculations are completed, we will begin the tests. 5) The more information we feed into a computer, the more correct answer we receive. 6) These students know neither German nor French. 7) The strength of this synthetic material is as high as that of steel. 8) You can stay here as long as the room is free. 9) The sun gives us both light and heat; it gives us energy as well. 10) The investigations at the Arctic research station are carried out daily in good as well as in bad weather according to a carefully worked out plan. 11) We decided to cross the mountains so that we could reach the railway station in the daytime. 12) The electric power is transmitted from the powerhouse to the trains either by means of a third rail or by means of an overhead system of wires. 13) The earlier children begin to play computer games, the quicker they learn to manipulate computers. 14) Inside the examination room we could neither smoke nor talk.

Ex.16. Fill in the blanks with the required compound conjunctions

1) ___ shorter the lever arm, ___ greater effort is needed to lift the weight. 2) ___ longer I think of your plan, ___ more I like it. 3) I could find him ___ at home ___ in the office. 4) ___ the comfort of the driver may be improved, the design of the seat was changed. 5) ___ the bridge ___ the tunnel will be constructed next year. 6) The invitations were sent beforehand ___ the delegates might arrive in time for the conference. 7) I shall leave ___ tonight ___ tomorrow. 8) I'll telephone you ___ I return home. 9) I shall remember you ___ I live. 10) This book is ___ interesting ___ useful. 11) I gave him the book ___ he could prepare the task at home. 12) I shall stay with you ___ you need me. 13) ___ he ___ I know French. 14) Franklin is known all over the world ___ as a scientist ___ as a political leader. 15) ___ I arrive in the city, I phone you.

Ex.17. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the verbs to be and to have. State the function of the verbs in question.

to be:1) Automatic block and other kinds of modern signaling are being widely introduced to ensure the safety of train movement at high speeds. 2) The road from the airport to town is to be reconstructed. 3) According to Charles Pearson’s project, the first lines of the London Underground were to be laid down close to the ground surface. 4) The train was to arrive at 5 o’clock but has not appeared yet. 5) We were to meet under the Big Clock at the station. 6) The first attempts in designing a robot engine driver were made in 1960s. 7) The insurance rate on my car is high because I live in a large city. 8) Liquid goods are carried in tank cars. 9) Local trains are to make stops at all railway stations. 10) The gondola car is a low-sided wagon without a roof. 11) At the last Metro station the engine driver is to move to the other end of the train. 12) The plane was to leave at midnight but its departure was delayed because of a heavy fog. 13) Although the railways are the main cargo haulers, motor transport carries the greatest number of passengers. 14) The traffic regulations are to be observed by both drivers and pedestrians [пешеход]. 15) A jet engine is the most powerful engine because the gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees. 16) As the rail joint [рельсовый стык] is the weakest part of the track, it is necessary to use longer rails. 17) As the stop was a long one, the passengers got off the train. 18) If I am late, I shall take a taxi.

to have: 1) She had lost her keys, so we had to open the door by force. 2) A new ceramic engine has been developed. 3) You will have to call for [заходить за]her because she has a lot of luggage. 4) Have you understood how to use this device? 5) I have some spare time this week but next week I’ll have to start work. 6) Our efforts to start the car had failed, and we had to spend the night in a nearby village. 7) The matter is urgent. We have to phone her immediately. 8) Cars have been cleaned, inspected and repaired in the coach yard. 9) The first self-propelled car had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam, because the supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes. 10) Not having bought the tickets in advance they had to go to the station long before the train departure. 11) He had to take the whole device apart to discover the cause of the trouble. 12) John will have to pay a wrong parking fine. 13) He has to go by Underground because his car has broken down. 14) Many new electronic devices have been developed to provide the safety of high-speed traffic. 15) This minibus has a rear door and easily detachable seats that is why it can be easily converted for the transportation of the freight up to 800 kg. 16) The engine will have to be dismantled to repair the damage. 17) An open-type passenger car has nine 6-berth compartments. 18) The main tracks have been cleared of snow by snow-cleaning machines.

1) They traveled 2,000 miles by bus. 2) Most people go to work by subway in New York. 3) The car has just stopped because there isn’t any more gas in the tank. 4) Arthur always drives at a high speed. 5) All flights have been canceled because of the fog. 6) They are going to travel around the world. 7) Stephen went into debt to buy that car. 8) The first buses in London were drawn by three horses. 9) Teenagers can get a driving license at the age of fourteen. 10) We were waiting for the train arrival on the platform. 11) Before each flight pilots ask for the information about the weather expected. 12) All the necessary information is stored in the computer. 13) Metro trains run at 8 minutes headways. 14) Just beyond the bend, the river begins to narrow. 15) The builders will have to explode the rock to construct the railway in this district. 16) We went to the cinema to pass the time until the train arrived. 17) The subway trains are crowded during the rush hours. 18) The bus service is so bad that it is almost impossible to get anywhere. 19) The schedule of this train has been changed for the summer period. 20) The railway tunnel linking Great Britain and France was officially opened for traffic on May 7, 1994. 21) In 1989, English computer scientist Timothy Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web.

Ex.19. Find grammar mistakes in the following sentences and correct them. The number of mistakes is pointed out in brackets.

1) He did not performed the task he had been given. [1] 2)What the engines do this plant produce? [2] 3) Are you know the schedule this train? [2] 4) Already the bus is overcrowded, it will not be able take all the passengers waited at the bus stop. [3] 5) The contract was not signed yet. [1] 6) His traveling expenses covered by the firm. [1] 7) While driving a car, you should not to speak with your mobile telephone. [2] 8) This device can be repair; you don’t need to replace it on a new one. [2] 9) In Russia many people had doubts about the possibility of using of steam engines in the Russian winter. [1] 10) Some of the arch bridges constructing by the Romans 2,000 years ago is still being used. [2]. 11) The revolution in science and technology is affected not only economically developed countries but also developing countries. [1] 12) An electric engine is most ecologically friendly one because it is not contaminate environment with exhausted gases. [2] 13) One of the most early railway bridge in the Great Britain called “Britannia” have survived to our days. [4] 14) Does the train covers the distance from Moscow to Samara in 20 hours? [1] 15)The plane were late because it has to make a forced landing. [2] 16) The remote control need 4 battery to power it. [2]

[1] A computer is known to be a device that has the ability to accept, store and process enormous quantities of data. Computers can be divided into three main types, depending on their size and power.

Mainframe computers are the largest and most powerful. They can handle large amounts of information very quickly and can be used by many people at the same time. They usually fill a whole room and are sometimes referred to as computer installations. They are found in large institutions and government departments.

Minicomputers, commonly known as minis, are smaller and less powerful than mainframes. They are about the size of an office desk and are usually found in banks and offices. They are becoming less popular as microcomputers are being improved.

Microcomputers, commonly known as micros, are the smallest and least powerful. They are about the size of a typewriter. They can handle smaller amounts of information at a time and are slower than the other two types. They are ideal for use as home computers and are also used in education and business. More powerful microcomputers are being gradually produced; therefore they are becoming the most commonly used type of computers.

[2] A computer can do very little until it is given some information. This is known as the input and usually consists of a program (a set of instructions, written in a special computer language, telling the computer what operations and processes are to be carried out and in what order they should be done) and some data (the particular information that has to be processed by the computer). Data brought out of the computer is known as output. Information in the form of programs and data is called software.

[3] The pieces of equipment making up the computer system are known as hardware.

The most important item of hardware is the CPU (Central Processing Unit). It contains the processor and the main memory. The processor is the brain of the computer. It does all the processing and controls all the other devices in the computer system. The main memory is the part of the computer where programs and data being used by the processor can be stored. However, it has a limited capacity.

[4] All the other devices in the computer system, which can be connected to the CPU, are known as peripherals. These include input devices, output devices and storage devices.

▪ An input device is a peripheral, which enables information to be fed into the computer. The most commonly used input device is a keyboard, similar to a typewriter keyboard.

▪ An output device is a peripheral, which enables information to be brought out of the computer, usually to display the processed data. The most commonly used output device is a specially adapted television known as a monitor or VDU (Visual Display Unit). Another common output device is a printer. It prints the output of the CPU onto paper.

▪ A storage device is a peripheral used for the permanent storage of information. It has a much greater capacity than the main memory and commonly uses magnetic tape or magnetic disks as the storage medium.

These are the main peaces of hardware of any computer system whether a small “micro” or a large mainframe system.

Ex.21. Match each component in column A with its function in column B.

A B

1) storage devicea) It allows data to be entered. With it you communicate with your

computer.

2) monitor b) It is used to introduce coordinates into a computer. Moving it on

the surface of the table we control the movement of the cursor on the screen.

3) keyboard c) It does all the processing and controls the peripherals.

4) main memory d) It is used to record, store information and to pass data to or from

another computer.

5) processor e) It is used to print texts or graphics.

6) printer f) It provides permanent storage for programs and data.

7) mouse g) It holds the programs and data being used by the processor.

8) floppy disk h) It is used to rotate disks.

9) cursor i) It is a mark on the display's screen showing the place where actions

are taking place.

10) disk drive j) It displays the processed data.

The terms viruses and vaccines have entered the jargon of the computer industry to describe some of the bad things that can happen to computer systems and programs. Unpleasant occurrences like the March 6, 1991, attack of the Michelangelo virus will be with us for years to come. In fact, you need to check your IBM or IBM-compatible personal computer for the presence of Michelangelo before March 6 every year – or risk losing all the data on your hard disk when you turn on your machine that day. And Macintosh users need to do the same for another intruder, the Jerusalem virus, before each Friday the 13^th, or risk a similar fate for their data.

A virus as its name suggests, is contagious. It is a set of illicit instructions that infects other programs and may spread rapidly. The Michelangelo virus went worldwide within a year. Some types of viruses include the worm, a program that spreads by replicating itself; the bomb, the program intended to sabotage a computer; and the Trojan horse, a program that covertly places illegal, destructive instructions in the middle of a legitimate program.

Although viruses can be destructive, some are quite benign; one simply displays a peace message on the screen on a given data. Others may merely be a nuisance, like the Ping-pong virus that bounces a “Ping-pong ball” around your screen while you are working. But a few could result in disaster for your disk, as in the case of Michelangelo.

There have been occasions when commercial software was released with a virus, but these situations are rare. Viruses tend to show up most often on free software acquired from friends. So before any diskette can be used with a computer system, it should be scanned for infection.

A virus may be dealt with by means of a vaccine, or antivirus, program that stops the spread of the virus and often eradicates it. The drawback of the antivirus program is that once you buy this type of software, you must continuously pay the price for upgrades as new viruses are discovered.

Ex.24. True or false? Correct the false statements.

1) The terms viruses and vaccines are used only in the language of medical officers. 2) These terms are used to describe some unpleasant occurrences that can happen to programmers. 3) The Michelangelo virus attacked the computer systems in March 1991 and went worldwide within a month. 4) You need to check your PC for the presence of the Michelangelo before March 6 every year. 5) The Jerusalem virus is known to appear on Monday the 13^th. 6) A virus is a set of instructions that infects other programs. 7) The worm, the bomb, the Trojan horse are the names of computer games for children. 8) The Ping-pong virus is said to be the most dangerous and destructive one. 9) Commercial software is always released with various viruses. 10) Any diskette should be scanned for infection. 11) A virus may be dealt with by means of another virus. 12) The antivirus programs must be often updated because new viruses are discovered.

TEXT D

Read the text given below and guess the idea. Think about the title of the text.

***

The first computers appeared right after World War II in the USA, and since that time they have changed not only the lives of Americans. They have been changing the lives of people all over the world. At present wherever the man turns, he finds a computer working.

Computers in banks can transfer money from one account to another. Computers are used to launch, guide and track spacecrafts and satellites; they help predict weather and earthquakes. They help people make long-distance and local telephone calls. Computers are also used when one reserves space on an airplane or a train. In medical labs computers have reduced the errors in testing, and they have saved doctors’ countless hours of work.

Many stores use computers to keep track of sales and orders. Also, many stores use optical scanners to record purchases and total prices. A tiny computer chip controls your washing machine. Computers linked to TV, telephone and satellite networks spread information throughout the world.

Without special training it is impossible to understand exactly how a computer works. Nevertheless, many people use computers in their daily lives. Computers are everywhere. They are so much a part of our lives that we usually don’t even know they are here.

Computers have become the foundation of the modern working world. Today, virtually all types of jobs use them to some degree and all the countries are affected by the “computer revolution”.

In the future computers will be a million times faster than they are today. They will become easier to use, but anyone who has not learnt how to use the new technology will be seriously disadvantaged, particularly in the field of employment.

Ex.25. Answer the questions to the text you have read.

1) When did the first computers appear? 2) Was it in England that the first computers began to be used? 3) Computers are used everywhere, aren’t they? 4) Is it hardly possible for people to use computers in their everyday life? 5) What can computers do in banks? 6) What are the other spheres where computers may be used? 7) It is impossible to understand exactly how a computer works without special training, is it? 8) Do many people use computers in their daily lives? 9) Have computers become the foundation of the modern working world? 10) What countries are affected by the “computer revolution”? 11) Will computers be a million times slower in the future than they are today? 12) The problem is that in the near future computers will become more and more complicated to use, isn’t it?

☻TEXT E

Read and Smile. Translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.

MOTHER SHOULD HAVE WARNED YOU!

If you can count on one person in this life, it is your mother. Particularly, you can rely on any mom anywhere to find the perils inherent in any situation. Indeed, no self-respecting mom ever missed an opportunity to caution her children about the dangers of everything from comics to swimming pools. What would mom say about PCs?

We have tried to find an answer to this question, and after months of exhaustive polling of computer savvy moms around the country (there are more than you think), we’ve assembled the following list of ten PC perils your mom should have warned you about. Take them seriously. Mom knows what she is talking about.

1) Playing too much computer games will make you go blind.Go outside, get some fresh air. Do you want to look like a ghost all your life?

2) Never dial into strange bulletin board systems. Who knows what kind of riff-raff you will find there? Just last week, I saw a show about the kind of trash that hangs out on these systems.

3) If you are so interested in information, why don’t you go to the library?

4) You don’t have to rush out and buy every trendy new product.So what if all your friends are buying it. You wouldn’t jump off a bridge just because everyone else did, would you?

5) Be sure to write your name and phone number on all your floppy disk sleeves. That way, if they ever get mixed up with someone else’s, you can tell which one is yours.

6) Never put a disk into your drive if you don’t know where it has been.Your computer might catch a disease or something. Don’t laugh, it is not funny. That’s what happened to the Kelly boy, and his PC hasn’t been the same since.

7) Sit up straight, and for heaven’s sake, not so close to that monitor screen. What do you want to do, go blind and look like a pretzel? Exercise at your desk occasionally rotating your wrist, rolling your shoulders, and stretching. Better yet, get up and walk around.

8) Always keep your icons and windows neatly arranged.A cluttered desktop is the sign of a cluttered mind.

9) Mind your language.It is very rude, and frankly speaking, I don’t like your language when the computer doesn’t work the way you think it should.

10) Always eat your vegetables.Okay, so it doesn’t have anything to do with computers, it’s good advice anyway. And who said mothers had to be consistent?

Ex.26. Go back to the text and find the English equivalents to the following Russian phrases:

присущий; упустить возможность; действительно; “кумекающие” в компьютерах (жарг.); ослепнуть; мусор; электронная доска объявлений; модный; наклейка на дискете; рабочий стол; честно говоря; хороший совет; в любом случае; последовательный.

Ex.27. Answer the questions.

1) What do all moms usually warn their children about? 2) What were you warned about when a child? 3) What advice did you take seriously? 4) What are the top three PC perils in your opinion? 5) What of them would you warn your children about?

TEXT F

The students of different Moscow technical higher schools were asked to write the compositions in English on the following topics: 1) Hackers of today. 2) Pluses and minuses of computers. 3) Internet. Read them and choose the best composition in your opinion. Explain your choice.

Hackers, having started as toy railroad circuitry designers in the late fifties, are completely new people now. Once turned to computers, they became gods and devils. Nowadays holders and users of the World Wide Web hide their PCs under passwords when the keyword “hacker” is heard. When and how did this change take place? Why are we so frightened of Hacker The Mighty and The Elusive?

One of the legends says that hackers have changed under the influence of “crackers” – the people who liked to talk on the phone at somebody else’s expense. Those people hooked up to any number and enjoyed the pleasure of telephone conversation, leaving the most fun – bills – for the victim. Another legend tells us that modern hackers were born when a new computer game concept was invented. Rules were very simple: two computer programs were fighting for the reign on the computer. The results of this game are two in number and are well known: hackers and computer viruses. One more story tells that the “new” hackers came to existence when the two students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found an error in a network program. They informed people, responsible for the network, about this mistake but with no result. The offended students wrote a code that completely paralyzed the network and only after that the error was fixed. By the way, those students founded The Motorola Company later.

Today, when the Internet has entered everyone’s house there is no shield between a hacker and your PC. You can password yourself up, but then either a hacker will crack your PC anyway or nobody will enter your site, because passwords kill accessibility. If your PC is easy to access no one can guarantee what will happen to your computer – hackers, you know them.

Monster? Chimeras? No! Every hacker is a human being and every hacker has his soft spots: good food, pretty girls or boys, classical music, hot chocolate at the fireplace, apple pie on Sunday. First of all, hacker is a connoisseur, a professional with no computer secret out of his experience. And how he uses his skill and knowledge depends on him, God, and Holy Spirit.

KEEP CLICKING!

Computers spoil your eyes, computers are bad for your nerves, computers – oh, these computers! Don’t believe it! Why don’t people criticize guns that kill much more people? “That is life”, you say. Yes, but how can you blame such wonderful thing like a computer, when you can’t even use it properly? All evils imputed to computers are the results of our inexperience.

How can you blame computers for spoiling your eyes if you play GTA Vice City for hours? How can a computer be bad for your nerves if you cry out: “Damn, stupid piece of…” (you know what) every time it hangs because of your being not too smart to tell it what you want to be done.

Come on, lighten up, computer is just a piece of hardware and software mixed. And if you don’t know or can’t decide how to make this explosive cocktail, ask yourself just one question: “Who is more stupid of you two?” Of course, I’m not a computer maniac beating everyone blaming an innocent machine. But there is one little thing people can’t or don’t want to understand: computers are not able to realize ideas you don’t have and undertake the projects you haven’t mentioned. They are just tools in your hands. And the results of using them are the results of your being patient to tell in a really simple binary way: “Come on, old man, do it!” Computers are of metal and plastic but if you don’t scare them by your aggression, they do what should be done.

Десять программистов продукт решили сделать.

Один спросил: «А деньги где?» и их осталось девять.

Девять программистов предстали перед боссом.

Один из них не знал FoxPro и их осталось восемь.

Восемь программистов купили IBM.

Один из них сказал: «Mac – класс!» и их осталось семь.

Семь программистов решили Help прочесть.

У одного накрылся винт и их осталось шесть.

Шесть программистов пытались код понять.

Один из них сошёл с ума и их осталось пять.

Пять программистов купили CD-ROM.

Один принёс китайский диск – остались вчетвером.

Четыре программиста работали на «С».

Один из них хвалил PASCAL и их осталось три.

Три программиста играли в сетке в «DOOM».

Один чуть-чуть замешкался и счёт стал равен двум.

Два программиста набрали дружно «Win».

Один устал загрузки ждать – остался лишь один.

Один программист всё взял под свой контроль,

Но встретился с заказчиком и их осталось ноль.

Ноль программистов ругал сердитый шеф,

Потом уволил одного и стало их FF.

b) WHAT IF DR. SUESS WROTE A MANUAL?

If a packet hits a pocket on a socket on a port,

And the bus is interrupted as a very last resort,

And the address of the memory makes your floppy disk abort,

Then the socket packet pocket has an error to report.

If your cursor finds a menu item followed by a dash,

And the double-clicking icon puts your window in the trash,

And your data is corrupted ’cause the index doesn’t hash,

Then your situation’s hopeless and your system’s gonna crash!

If the label on the cable on the table at your house,

Says the network is connected to the button on your mouse,

But your packets want to tunnel on another protocol,

That’s repeatedly rejected by the printer down the hall,

And your screen is all distorted by the side effect of Gauss,

So your icons in the window are as wavy as a souse,

Then you may as well reboot and go out with a bang,

’Cause as sure as I’m a poet, the sucker’s gonna hang!

When the copy of your floppy’s getting sloppy on the disk,

And the microcode instructions cause unnecessary risk,

Then you have to flash your memory and you’ll want to RAM your ROM.

Quickly turn off the computer and be sure to tell your mom.

А ЕСЛИ БЫ ДОКТОР СУЭЗ НАПИСАЛ ИНСТРУКЦИЮ?

Если вдруг пакет программный вас решится обобрать,

И от прерываний шина станет вдруг озорничать,

Если память с дисководом станут люто воевать,

Вам ни денег, ни железа, ни покоя не видать.

Если вдруг в меню стандартном ваш курсор начнёт шалить,

И двойной щелчок иконку сразу может удалить,

И мозги у базы данных перестанут вдруг варить,

Это значит, всё пропало, безвозвратно, может быть.

Если надпись на коробке может дельный дать совет,

И мышиный коврик даже подключиться в Internet,

А несносные программы вам откажут делово,

Видите ли, протокол им не подходит. Каково?

Если вид у монитора как в разбитые очки,

И по плоскости экрана расплываются значки,

Выключайте свой компьютер и идите погулять.

Я уверен, он не станет ладить с вами. Его…!

Если от резервных копий прохудится гибкий диск,

И ассемблерные вставки повышают резко риск,

Лучше вы сотрите память, отпаяйте ПЗУ –

Бесполезное железо вам, конечно, ни к чему.

HOW MODERN ARE YOU?

(pop quiz)

1) If you were able to have any car you wanted, what would you buy?

a) I’d buy a restored vintage car that might become a collector’s item.

b) I’d buy a newly built car with all the latest technology.

c) I wouldn’t buy a car because I don’t like them.

2) What is your attitude to new scientific developments?

a) They are brilliant. They help to make the world a much happier and better place.

b) We know enough about science now. We should stop interfering with nature.

c) Some things are good. Some things are bad.

3) How do you speak?

a) I use a lot of new words, slang and catch phrases from the television and magazines.

b) I use exactly the same words and phrases as my parents.

c) I use a few new words because they are useful for what I want to say.

4) Which of the following do you think is the most enjoyable?

a) Playing virtual reality computer games.

b) Going to a disco club that plays music from the 60s and 70s.

c) Listening to techno music.

5) Which of the following would be your preferred way of finding out information?

a) I like looking up in a book.

b) Surfing the Internet or using a CD-ROM is the best way.

c) Watching a video is best.

6) You go to a friend’s house. His mother works, earning a lot of money, and his father stays at home, cooks and cleans. What is your reaction?

a) Nothing. It doesn’t matter who works and who cleans. It is the 21^st century.

b) A bit surprised. It seems a bit strange because it is unusual.

c) The poor man. Cooking and cleaning is a woman’s job.

7) Which of the following types of books or films do you prefer?

a) Historical ones

b) Anything romantic

c) Contemporary ones about modern day things.

8) If your computer were six years old and worked perfectly well, which of the following would you do?

a) I’d buy a brand new one so I could have new technology.

b) I wouldn’t do anything. I’d be happy with it. New technology is just gimmicks.

c) I’d secretly hope it would break, despite the fact that I didn’t need a new computer.

[1] RAILWAYS

The railroad is a form of land transportation that is found in almost every country in the world. Railroads serve many thousands of communities, from big cities in highly developed nations to tiny villages in remote areas. Railroads carry travelers to and from neighboring communities or on trips across whole continents. They carry raw materials and farm products to manufacturing and processing plants, and they carry the finished products from those plants to warehouses and stores. Railroads were designed to move large numbers of passengers or large amounts of freight over long distances. The railroad is the most efficient method of land transportation because it requires the least amount of fuel and human labor and is the least damaging to the environment. Railroads carry about 40 percent of the total volume of freight transportation in the United States. The world has a total of more than 738,000 miles (1,187,000 kilometers) of railroad line. Almost all the railroad systems carry both freight and passengers. A railroad is much like a manufacturing business whose sole product is transportation service. To produce that product it requires tracks, cars, locomotives, repair shops, communication systems, and skilled workers.

[2] PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN THE USA

In urban areas of the United States, movements of people between home and work account for about 40 percent of the total number of passenger journeys. Recreational trips* account for about 15 percent of all trips. Automobile riding, for example, is not only a means of reaching a destination but is a popular form of outdoor recreation**. Recreational boating also is popular. Cruise ships have made up the major proportion of ocean-going passenger vessels since jet aircraft became the favored mode of transoceanic travel. The automobile dominates intercity passenger transportation in the United States. It accounts for more than 80 percent of the total passenger miles. No other mode of transportation approaches the flexibility and convenience of the automobile, which provides door-to-door service independent of schedules.

The railroad is no longer a major means of intercity passenger transportation in the United States, though railroad passenger service prospers in much of the rest of the world. As recently as the early 1940s there were more than 20,000 daily intercity passenger trains in the United States. By the early 1970s there were only about 200. Whereas railroads accounted for almost 70 percent of the total passenger-miles by public carrier in 1930, by 1970 they accounted for less than one percent. In 1971 the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, a federal agency that is also known as Amtrak, took over most of the intercity railroad passenger service. Most Amtrak trains operate in the Northeast corridor between Boston, Mass.; New York City; Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore, Md.; and Washington, D.C. A large proportion of the New York-Washington service is by high-speed electric trains called Metroliners. There is commuter railroad passenger service in the suburban areas of such large cities as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, and San Francisco. Electric interurban railroads and street railways in cities have almost disappeared.

Intercity buses in the United States serve many more communities*** than do railroads. Using modern expressways, they provide swift service between major cities, though many communities not on expressways now have much less bus service than they formerly had. Air carriers dominate public intercity passenger transportation in the United States. The growth of air passenger traffic has been rapid, increasing from only 14 percent of the total in 1950 to more than 85 percent in the 1980s. Passenger transportation by water carriers in the United States is insignificant except for some ferry services.

Notes: *recreational trip – путешествие (поездка на отдых или экскурсию)

**outdoor recreation – отдых на открытом воздухе

***community – населённый пункт

[3] THE BATTLE OF THE GAUGES

Part 1

In the early days, each railroad built its track at whatever gauge it pleased and then built its engines and cars to fit that gauge. The tracks at the Killingworth Colliery, for which George Stephenson built his first locomotive the Blocher, happened to be 4 feet 8 inches (1.42 meters) between rails, so Stephenson built his locomotive for this gauge. When he designed the Stockton and Darlington he made the locomotive the same width but added another half inch (1.3 centimeters) to the width of track. This odd measurement of 4 feet 81/2 inches (1.44 meters) in time came to be known as standard gauge. Other tracks in England ranged between 2 and 7 feet (0.6 and 2.1 meters). The famous English engineer Brunel considered that the (чем) broader the gauge, the (тем) easily would the trains run. Following his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a gauge of 7 feet. That is why for many years there were 2 gauges in England: the 7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson. It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, delay was caused and time was wasted. Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to change the broad gauge. “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted more than 30 years. Only in 1892 in the House of Commons*the broad gauge was described as a “national evil”, and it was decided to convert all the railways to the standard gauge.

Part 2

In the United States the early railroad tracks ranged from 3 to 6 feet (0.9 to 1.8 meters) in width. This variance became unacceptable with the demand for connecting lines and through service. Freight soon began to move longer distances and over the lines of more than one railroad. The differences in gauges forced the costly nuisance of unloading and reloading cars. Most of the lines in the area between New York City and Chicago were of nearly the same gauge—between 4 feet 8 inches and 4 feet 10 inches (1.47 meters). Thus, in the 1860s, arrangements were made to use cars specially equipped with broad-tread wheels that could be used on any of these widths. About the same time, the movement toward standardization of the 4 feet 81/2 inch, or Stephenson, gauge received great encouragement when the United States Congress adopted it for the new Pacific railroad. By the mid-1880s there was virtually a double standard of gauge in the United States. In the North and West the Stephenson gauge prevailed, while most of the South used a gauge of 5 feet (1.52 meters). Starting in 1886, the Southern lines narrowed their tracks to the now standard gauge of 4 feet 81/2 inches. This uniformity soon ensured an uninterrupted flow of commerce over the entire nation. Standard gauge is also used in Canada, Mexico, and Cuba, which was once linked with railroadson the mainland by freight-car ferry. No other continent has a comparable standardization, however.

Note: *the House of Commons – Палата Общин

[4] DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN RAILROADS

Between 1850 and 1871 the United States government made grants to railroads to assist the extension of lines in the West and South, often ahead of settlement. About 8 percent of the country’s railroad mileage was built with the aid of these land grants. The grants were not outright gifts; in return, the railroads were required to haul government traffic at reduced rates. When Congress terminated this arrangement in 1946, it was estimated that the railroads had repaid the government about ten times the original value of the land grants.

By 1870, when the railroad movement in the United States was 40 years old, there were 53,000 miles (85,000 kilometers) of main lines, not including secondary tracks, sidings, passingtracks, or yards. Between 1870 and 1880 another 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometers) were added. The decade from 1880 to 1890 saw the most rapid expansion of American rail lines, with 70,000 miles (113,000 kilometers) added—an average of 19 miles (31 kilometers) of new railroad completed each day. Growth continued, with another 30,000 miles (48,000 kilometers) added in the 1890s and another 47,000 miles (76,000 kilometers) in the next decade. By 1910 the network was largely complete and there was little further extension. In 1916 total railroad-line mileage in the United States reached its highest point at 254,000 miles (409,000 kilometers).

After 1920, with the rapid expansion of paved roads, much traffic was taken from the railroads by automobiles, buses, and trucks, though the overall demand for railroad service remained high. As a result, the railroad network began to shrink as lines that could no longer pay their way were abandoned. By the end of the 1980s, railroad-line miles in the United States had dropped to about 150,000 miles (241,000 kilometers). Some of the lines had been built to serve mines, forests, or other nonrenewable natural resources and were abandoned when the resources were exhausted. Other lines had been built to serve an anticipated need that never materialized. Still other lines disappeared because the industries they had been built to serve entered a period of decline or relocated to other parts of the country. By the late 1980s, American railroads had become primarily high-volume freight carriers operating on long-distance, main-line corridors. Intercity passenger traffic had largely been taken over by automobiles, buses, and airlines. Much freight, especially on the shorter distance hauls, was being carried by trucks. Yet the total railroad freight volume, as measured in ton-miles (a ton-mile is a unit of measurement corresponding to one ton of freight carried one mile) set a new all-time record in 1990—78 percent more than in 1960.

[5] SLEEPING CARS IN THE USA

The first passenger cars in the USA were high in proportion to their length, and were not fitted for movement upon rails. Their characteristics have gradually changed, so as to make them longer, lower, safer, more comfortable and convenient. One of the most important railroad inventions in the USA was a sleeping car. The earliest trains had no sleeping cars. There was really no need for them, because early railroads were short; the longest journeys lasted only a few hours, and nearly all trains went in the daytime. As a number of railroads increased, it became possible to make longer and longer journeys and night travel became common. Long journeys by night were very tiresome and uncomfortable because it was almost impossible for passengers to sleep in the car seats. Steamboats and sailing vessels had good sleeping rooms, and even canal boats used for passenger transportation had bunks in which travelers could rest at night. It can easily be seen that there was a real need for sleeping cars on the railroads, and especially upon the railroads of the USA, where the distance which one might travel was so large. The earliest sleeping cars had a row of double bunks on each side. Although these cars were more comfortable for night travel than the ordinary coach, they had one large defect. They could not be used for day travel. What was needed was a car in which the seats used during the day could be converted into beds at night.

George M. Pullman of Chicago invented the modern sleeping car. He built his first one in 1859. This car was much simplerin design than the sleeping cars of today but it was so much more suitable for long-distance travel than any other kind of car in use at that time. Encouraged by the success of his first car, Mr. Pullman built а much larger sleeping car a few years later, a car which was a great improvementover his first coach. This car was named the Pioneer. George Pullman received many orders for sleeping cars. In 1879 he bought the big site of land near Chicago. On this place the city of Pullman was constructed, and there the Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company still has its great manufacturing plant, which is capable of producing many hundreds of all kinds of cars a year. Practically all of the sleeping cars on the USA's railroads are owned and operated by the Pullman Company.

[6] MONORAIL

More used as a transportation system in industry than in cities, a monorail is a type of electric railway train that runs either above or below a single track. In factories monorails are used for moving equipment or materials from one part of a plant to another. In public transportation systems they have thus far been used only for hauling people for short distances.

One of the first monorail systems constructed was the Schwebebahn (suspension railway*) in Wuppertal, Germany. Completed in 1901, it consists of two-car trains hung from an elevated structure**. Much of the route operates over the Wupper River. The distance covered is 9.3 miles (15 kilometers).

This system, though it has proved safe and efficient, has not had many imitators. There are today only about three dozen monorails in the world, and none operates for a distance longer than 10 miles (16 kilometers). There is an 8.2-mile (13-kilometer) monorail in Japan running from Tokyo to the airport. It was constructed in 1964 on the occasion of the Summer Olympic Games. Although much newer in appearance than the one in Wuppertal, it also is suspended from an overhead beam***. A shorter line was built at Osaka for the World's Fair called Expo '70. There is a 1-mile (1.6-kilometer) monorail in Seattle, Wash., that was built for the 1962 World's Fair. Disneyland in Anaheim, Calif., and Walt Disney World near Orlando, Fla., both have monorail trains operating within their grounds. The systems connect the various parts of the parks with hotels and parking lots.

The Disney and Seattle monorails ride above a beam. This system was designed in the 1950s in Sweden by Axel L. Wenner-Gren. The trains pick up an electric current from a rail attached to the side of the beam.

Although they provide swift and quiet transportation, monorails have not yet been accepted anywhere for long-distance travel. In England the Greater London Council studied the monorail as an option for urban transport. It concluded that such a system offered no advantages over existing surface and underground lines. Among the objections to monorail systems cited by critics are the huge cost of constructing a system, its unsightliness in a city, and passenger inconvenience. Such a system in any city would have the high visibility that elevated trains now have in parts of New York City, Boston, Chicago, and other urban centers.

One of the few places in the world to invest in a monorail system in the late 1980s was Malaysia. The city of Kuala Lumpur approved a project to construct a 12-mile (20-kilometer) line.

Notes: *suspension railway – подвесная железная дорога

**elevated structure – надземное сооружение, эстакада

***overhead beam – надземная балка (перекладина)

[7] STREET RAILWAY*

A historic type of urban transportation, the street railway has taken many forms, from a single horse-drawn car to a complex system of strings of cars running above and below the ground. In the typical street railway, electrically powered cars run on tracks laid in the street and share the roadway with other traffic.

The famed cable-car system** in San Francisco, Calif., was among the first mechanical railways. Electric railways replaced most cable systems in the early 20th century. Electric streetcars draw power from a stationary generator. The power is transmitted most commonly by an overhead wire*** through a pantograph. The current passes to the motors, and then returns to the powerhouse by way of the running rails.

A modern variation of the street railway is light rail transit*** (LRT). LRT vehicles operate singly or in short trains of two or three cars. Their tracks may run in the common roadways, but typically the tracks are segregated from traffic except at cross streets and often run in subways or on elevated structures. LRT systems can transport many passengers, accelerate rapidly, and travel at high speeds. The direct operating costs are relatively low; however, the costs of construction and maintenance are fairly high.

Conventional streetcar systems are still used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, The Netherlands, Eastern Europe, and parts of Canada and South America. In many cities of Europe, Asia, and the United States, however, streetcars have been replaced by diesel-powered buses, subway systems, and LRT systems.

Examples of heavy rapid transit are subways and elevated railways, or combinations of the two, such as the systems found in Chicago, New York, London, Moscow, and Paris. They are electrically powered, on the same principle as the streetcar, except that the cars pick up current from a third rail alongside the running rails instead of from an overhead line. These systems operate in trains of up to ten cars and are completely separated from other traffic. As a result, they can run at high speeds and carry many passengers: heavy rapid-transit systems can transport up to 60,000 passengers per track, per hour; conventional street railways can move only 2,000 to 9,000, and LRT systems only 5,000 to 15,000.

Before 1920 (and in some metropolitan areas as late as 1950) it was common for street railway extensions to serve suburban areas, while interurban electric railways joined cities. Today the new LRT and rapid-transit lines continue to run well out into the suburbs. They are the modern suburban and interurban railroads.

In recent years there has been a worldwide renovation of old electric railway systems. In countries such as the United States, Austria, Germany, and The Netherlands, existing lines are being repaired and reequipped. In addition, new LRTsystems have opened in Bonn and Cologne, in Germany; Göteborg, Sweden; Newcastle upon Tyne, England; Calgary and Edmonton, Alta.; Zürich, Switzerland; and in a number of cities in the western United States.

In the late 1990s there were more than 325 street railway and LRT systems operating worldwide. Russia had the largest number with 121 lines; Germany had 58; and the United States had 14 LRT lines built or under construction. Traditional mixed-traffic street operation of any significant volume is now found only in a couple of cities in the United States and in parts of Germany, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Egypt, and India.

Notes: *street railway – городская железная дорога

**cable car system – воздушно-канатная дорога

***overhead wire – воздушный провод

****light rail transit – высокоскоростная железная дорога местного значения

[8] BUILDING THE RAILROAD

Before a railroad is built there are usually several alternative routes to be considered. Maps, aerial photographs, and profiles* showing the features of each route are prepared and carefully studied. Experts then choose what they consider to be the best route. The choice they make has much to do with the success or failure of the new railroad line. One route may be fairly level, requiring only a few cuts through hills and fills through valleys. Such a route, however, may require a long tunnel to get through an intervening mountain or several expensive bridges to get over rivers. This would make it more costly in the end than one with moderate cuts and fills all the way. Another route, though less expensive to build, may run through unsettled country. Hence it may be wiser to build the more expensive line for the sake of the greater local business it can get.

The selected route is then surveyed carefully, and building commences. Sometimes work parties begin at each end and build toward the middle, as was the case with the transcontinental railroad in the United States. The constructed sections of track carry trains with supplies for the construction workers. Today parties can be stationed at various points and receive supplies from other railroads already built nearby. This method gets the road finished and earning money much more quickly.

The first step is the preparation of the roadbed**. Following the stakes*** and plans set up by the surveyors, the working parties clear away trees, make cuts and fills, and otherwise prepare the way. Other workers set up bridges and dig tunnels. As fast as the roadbed is ready, crossties and rails are laid, either by hand or by machines. Working on level ground, tracklayers can complete several miles in a day. Finally, the track must be ballasted, preferably with gravel, cinders****, or broken stone.

In the United States the usual practice was to build a single-track line with as few tunnels, bridges, and expensive cuts and fills as possible. Then the track was doubled, first at portions where most trains passed and finally over the entire route, and thus the railroad grew into a first-class line. This method was largely responsible for the development of great railroads in the United States. Companies built roads through the open frontier. Soon communities***** appeared along the lines, and new businesses were started. These enabled the railroads to prosper. While track undergoes constant maintenance and improvement, there has been very little new construction in the United States in recent years, and it is estimated that the existing track system could carry 25 percent more traffic. In some areas, new communications and train control systems have allowed the elimination of double tracks in favor of single-track operations.

Notes: *profile – чертёж ж/д пути в вертикальном разрезе

**roadbed – земляное полотно

***stake – опорный столбик, веха

****cinder – шлак

*****community – населённый пункт

[9] FRENCH TRANSPORT

Transport systems have long been vital to France, serving to unite the nation in an administrative sense while promoting the growth of regional economies and linking the country to the rest of Europe and to the world. Paris has always been the hub* of French transportation.

The Industrial Revolution brought innovations in transportation to France. For example, a complex system of canals was built, connecting many navigable rivers and providing low-cost water transport for products of the mines and factories.

The railroad age began while the canal-building era was at its height. The first French line began operating in 1827, between St.-Étienne and Andrézieux, and steel rails soon linked most parts of the country. By 1934 France had 33,282 miles (53,561 kilometers) of railways. Most of the main lines were built in a radial pattern**, with Paris at the center, thus reinforcing the importance of the capital. Paris continued to grow and prosper at a remarkable rate because people had difficulty traveling between any two points in France without passing through the capital. Also, rail lines made it easier for rural people displaced by the Industrial Revolution to migrate to Paris than to any other city.

The appearance of the automobile just before 1900, and the airplane a few years later, added new perspectives to transportation. Highways, duplicating the earlier railway patterns, radiated in all directions from Paris, and the distance to any point in France was calculated from the front steps of the Cathedral of Notre Dame. Air transportation to and from the airfield at Le Bourget, near Paris, began in 1919.

Today, French transportation systems are changing to cope with three problems: rapid technological change, the obsolete condition of many earlier systems, and increasing pressure to reduce the dependency of the entire country on Paris. Although lagging behind several other European countries, France has, since about 1960, embarked on a major program of superhighway construction. Many of the new highways have necessarily duplicated the older ones centered on Paris, but engineers have made great efforts to enable travelers to go to and from other parts of France without passing through the capital.

Rail traffic has declined, as it has in nearly every country, but is still important in France. The high-speed TGV travels between Paris and Lyon in only two hours, compared with four hours for conventional service, and the TGV service is being expanded to other lines as well. Air travel has also increased enormously. Traffic at Paris is divided among the airport at Orly, south of the city, and Charles de Gaulle, to the northeast, in Roissy. With Le Bourget, which today handles only charter flights, these airports accommodated a total of about 30 million passengers per year in the early 1980s, making Paris the second busiest European air travel center after London. Paris is also the airfreight capital of Europe, handling about 625,000 tons of cargo in 2001. Other major international airports include those at Marseilles, Nice, Lyon, Lille, and Strasbourg.

Notes: *hub – центр

**radial pattern – радиальная схема

[10] AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT

In Australia railways were constructed in all colonies between 1854, when a line was built between Melbourne and Port Melbourne, and 1871. Trivial disagreements among the self-protecting colonies blocked the creation of any master plan and saddled Australia with three different rail gauges: the standard gauge of 4 feet 81/2 inches (144 centimeters) in New South Wales; the broad gauge of 5 feet 3 inches (160 centimeters) in Victoria and South Australia; and the narrow gauge of 3 feet 6 inches (107 centimeters) in Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia, and the northern extremities of South Australia. It took until 1970 to standardize one continuous line between Perth and Brisbane, along which the India-Pacific train now travels. It crosses the Nullarbor Plain on the longest straight stretch of rail track in the world – 300 miles (480 kilometers).

State governments control most of the railways, including the profitable electrified commuter lines in the cities. These help offset the losses* on run-down rural services. The Commonwealth government controls the railways of Tasmania, the Northern Territory, and parts of the transcontinental line. Private freight lines convey iron ore, sugar, coal, and other goods to the nearest ports. Trams served the larger cities until buses replaced them by the 1960s – except in Melbourne, where trains still run along broad streets laid out in a grid pattern.

Australia's busiest ports are Sydney, Melbourne, Newcastle, Hay Point, Dampier, and Port Hedland. The last three of these are occupied primarily with carrying mineral exports.

Australia originally depended on shipping for all contact with England, Europe, and other trading partners. In 1787–88, the fleet bringing the original convict settlers arrived after being eight months at sea. The travel time from England to Australia was cut to 60 days – a time set in 1871 by the Thermopylae, after clipper ships, including the famous Cutty Sark, had entered the Australian run. They mainly carried wool to Europe.

The airplane made connections with other countries much swifter. Qantas and Imperial Airways flew their first passengers to Britain in 1935. By the 1960s, ships to Southampton, Genoa, and San Francisco had carried their last passengers, though fleets of cruise ships** still ply*** the Australian waters.

Mercantile shipping is now dominated by the Australian National Line, established by the federal government in 1956. River transport is negligible in a land beset by droughts, sand-clogged channels, and the scarcity of navigable rivers.

Aviation solved the problem of Australia's vast internal distances and remoteness from overseas centers. In 1919, Keith and Ross Smith flew from England to Darwin in 28 days. The first flight across the Pacific, from California to Brisbane, was completed in 1928 by Charles Kingsford-Smith, after whom Sydney's airport is named. Such exploits made Australians air-conscious and promoted the domestic market. Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services (Qantas) was founded in 1920. It became the nation's flagship carrier after being nationalized by the federal government in 1947. Its safety record is unmatched.

Thirty overseas carriers now serve Australia, mostly under bilateral agreements which give Qantas reciprocal landing rights. Domestic airline services were controlled between 1952 and 1987 by a two-airline policy. This maintained a regulated monopoly on interstate routes, with the government airline (Australian Airlines) in sole direct competition with one private airline (Ansett). Remote outposts have been served by the Royal Flying Doctor Service since 1928, using aerial ambulances, radio and landline networks, and mobile clinics. The School of the Air for outback children began in 1951 by using the same two-way radio transmitters.

Notes: *to offset the losses – возмещать убытки

**cruise ship – круизное судно

***to ply – курсировать

[11] СHINESE RAILWAYS

Railway construction began in China late in the 19th century, and the first line, between Shanghai and Peking (Beijing), was opened in 1903. By World War II more than 15,500 miles (25,000 kilometers) of track had been built, primarily in the eastern and northeastern parts of the country. Much of the network was destroyed during the war, but rail construction began anew after 1949 and has continued ever since. By 1993 China had an estimated 43,131 miles (69,412 kilometers) of railroads. (By comparison, the United States had about three times as much trackage in that year.) By 1983 every province-level administrative unit except Tibet was served by rail, and plans were being made to extend a line south from the Lanzhou-UrUmqi line to Lhasa, in Tibet.

Railways have become the most important form of transportation in China. For example, more than 50 percent of the country’s traffic is moved by the railroad system. China’s rail network consists of a series of north-south trunk lines, crossed by a few major east-west lines. Most of the large cities are served by these trunk lines. But many of the main lines cannot meet the demand for service. The sixth five-year plan (1981 to 1985) called for continued large investment in railways. The investment was used to improve the carrying capacity of existing lines through double tracking or electrification, and to construct short lines where the government decided there was a crucial need for service.

Nowadays much attention is paid to the development of high speed railway transportation. Unexpected growth of air and road transport has hit the railways hard. The Chinese Minister of Railways has noted that during the ‘good old days’ such things as customer service and fast, reliable trains didn’t matter too much. “The timetable was fixed and we had nothing to worry about but watching passengers struggling for tickets,” he said. “But today we have to go out and look for food like horses.”

Worldwide, high speed trains moving at 250 km/h or more operate over 3,700 km of specially-built track, while passenger trains in Chine still mainly run at 80-100 km/h. The situation needs to change and change quickly if railways in the world’s most populous* country are to continue to play their important social and economic role. In recognition of this, China is planning several thousand kilometers of new lines in order to transport 1.5 billion passengers and 2.1 billion tones of freight a year. Specific plans have been drawn up to upgrade the busiest main lines for semi-express passenger trains running at 160 km/h, or express trains moving at 250 km/h, while at the same time experiments are going ahead for 300 to 350 km/h operation.

So, despite a drift away from passenger train travel by some people, there is no possibility of railways in China becoming obsolete. The country is vast and still developing which means that the railways are and will remain the chief means of transport.

Note: *populous - густонаселённый

[12] JAPANESE TRANSPORTATION

Modern transportation facilities* link all parts of Japan and provide the swift, efficient movement of people and goods. Railways are the main form of land transportation. Railway stations are the hubs** of mass-transportation systems, which also include buses, taxis, subways, and the vanishing trolleys.

The first Japanese railway was laid in 1872 between Tokyo and Yokohama. By 1930 a rail network covered the four main islands. Most private lines were nationalized in 1906 and passed to a public corporation, the Japan National Railways (JNR), in 1949. The JNR operates about four fifths of Japan's 17,000 miles (27,000 kilometers) of railway lines, including all long-distance trunk lines. It owns about 90 percent of all rolling stock. The private railways operate commuter lines in the metropolitan areas. Japanese railways use narrow-gauge track – 3 feet 6 inches – and relatively small and light rolling stock. About three fifths of the JNR lines are double-tracked or electrified. Diesel and electric units have replaced coal-burning locomotives.

Postwar population and economic growth has placed an enormous strain on the carrying capacity of Japan's railways. The high-speed, broad-gauge New Tokaido Line went into operation in 1964. Its fastest express trains make the 320-mile (515-kilometer) run from Tokyo to Osaka in a little more than three hours. An extension known as the New Sanyo Line was completed from Osaka to Okayama in 1972. The railways of Honshu are linked to Kyushu and Hokkaido by undersea tunnels and to Shikoku by ferry service. Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kobe, Sapporo, and Yokohama have subways.

Modern highway construction has lagged badly behind the needs of automobile and truck traffic. About 70 percent of the total mileage of roads is paved. By 1990 there were 692,661 miles (1,114,699 kilometers) of national expressways and general roadways for a country that had more than 60 million registered motor vehicles. City traffic is speeded by street widening and by the construction of elevated expressways.

Domestic air service links all major cities. Japan Air Lines (JAL) operates round-the-world service. Tokyo International Airport at Narita, more than 40 miles (60 kilometers) from downtown Tokyo, was completed in 1973. Its opening was delayed until 1978 because of protests by opponents of the facility. The planned addition of two runways at Narita in the 1990s was also prevented by protests from environmentalists. The new Kansai International Airport was scheduled to open at Osaka in 1994. Built at a cost of 14 billion dollars, it was the world's most expensive airport. It is located on an artificial 1,300-acre (526-hectare) island in Osaka Bay. The island itself cost 4.5 billion dollars to construct. The airport's designer was Italian architect Renzo Piano. To ease congestion at the major airports, the government decided to upgrade local airports at Kobe, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kyoto, and other cities to handle the large increase in air traffic.

There were more than 7,000 vessels carrying passengers and cargo in coastal shipping in 1990. For passenger service between cities there are jetfoils*** and air-cushion vessels****. Considering the very large volume of Japanese imports and exports, most products are carried in oceangoing vessels registered to other countries.

Notes: *transportation facilities – средства транспорта

**hub – центр

***jetfoil – судно на подводных крыльях

****air-cushion vessel – судно на воздушной подушке

[13] RAILROAD MODERNIZATION

Like their younger competitors, the railroads have become specialized carriers that concentrate on the types of transportation for which they are best suited. Railroads are particularly efficient at moving large volumes of bulk commodities* such as coal or ore over long distances and transporting marine containers and piggyback highway trailers**. Railroads are also efficient at carrying commuter passengers between suburbs and city centers and providing comfortable, fast intercity passenger services.

New technologies – in design, materials, and methods – have helped railroads become still more efficient. After World War II, for example, strong concrete crossties replaced wooden ties on many railroads, especially in Europe. Rail welded*** into long sections became the standard for most busy main lines. By the 1960s high-speed passenger trains were introduced.

Japan's so-called “bullet train” was in the forefront of the new technology. It began operating on Oct. 1, 1964, to mark Asia's first Olympic Games, which were held in Tokyo. The first section of the fabled Shinkansen (New Trunk Line, known as the New Tokaido Line) was a 320-mile (515-kilometer) stretch between Tokyo and Osaka. A 100-mile (160-kilometer) extension from Osaka to Okayama was completed in 1972, and the final segment – a 244-mile (393-kilometer) run to the Hakata station in Fukuoka, northern Kyushu – opened in 1975. Other lines, completed in 1982, radiate north of Tokyo to Niigata and Morioka. The Shinkansen was privatized in 1987.

France's TGV became the supertrain of the 1970s and 1980s. It set a new world speed record of 320 miles an hour in 1990. The newer ten-car TGV trains are powered by front and rear electric locomotives. Computerized controls provide on-board signalization and fail-safe braking****.

Some of the other countries where superspeed trains are running or planned are Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, Australia, Canada, and the United States. High speed train called Metroliners make daily three-hour trips between New York City and Washington, D.C.; although the trains are capable of faster runs up to 160 miles (260 kilometers) per hour, drawbacks on the existing line hold speeds to a maximum of 100 miles (160 kilometers) per hour.

Several American railroads operate trains of RoadRailers, vehicles that have both rail and highway wheels. On the railroad they run coupled***** together in trains pulled by locomotives, then are separated and moved by highway tractors to their final destinations.

Among the more advanced systems proposed is the magnetic levitation******, or maglev, train. Instead of wheels or steel rails, the system uses coils in the surface of the track, or guide way, to create a magnetic field that lifts the vehicles and propels them forward. By the late 1980s only short test systems had been built in Germany and Japan. Successful experimental runs were first made in the early 1990s using locomotives powered by environmentally friendly natural gas.

Notes: *bulk commodities – бестарные грузы, грузы насыпью

**piggyback highway trailers – автополуприцепы или прицепы

***to weld – сваривать

****fail-safe braking – гарантированно надёжное торможение

*****to couple – сцеплять

******magnetic levitation – магнитная левитация (поднятие)

[14] ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION

Technological advances in transportation have included the development of superspeed trains, such as Japan’s ‘bullet train’ of the 1960s and Frances TGV (Train de Grand Vitesse) of the 1970s and 1980s. These advances gave engineers the inspiration to design such experimental railroad systems as the magnetic levitation*, or maglev train, which by the early 1990s had only short test systems set up in Germany and Japan. Improvements in power generation and transmission and concern for the air and noise pollution caused by diesel engines have prompted automobile makers to develop cars that will run on alternative types of fuel. One result has been the prototype of an electric car. A greater variety of ships, including submarine tankers and fast surface ships, have been developed. Other new types of vessels that are available include the hydrofoil**, which travels on sea wings with its hull*** above water, and the hovercraft****, which rides above the water on a cushion of air. The widespread use of atomic power for ship propulsion is a major research goal. STOL (short takeoff and landing), VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing), and supersonic aircraft have been adopted. These new technologies have made vehicles quieter. Passenger travel has improved in speed and comfort. Freight transport costs less because larger vehicles are used and operating efficiency has increased. The computer is used for record keeping, traffic control, navigation, and other routine operations.

In the more distant future, rocket transportation may become feasible, perhaps in combination with orbiting satellites, enabling all points on Earth to be connected in less than an hours travel time. Underground gravity vacuum tubes may permit freight and passengers to travel between stations thousands of miles apart also in less than an hour. Improvements may be expected in transportation management techniques. Some forms of transportation now under private ownership, management, and operation will increasingly depend on public financing or control, just as urban mass transit now does. Some forms of transportation will be integrated into multimodal organizations, both public and private, in order to move people and goods with a minimum of cost, inconvenience, and delay. Innovative communications systems, however, have already made much travel unnecessary. Teleconferencing enables people to hold meetings and see each other without having to travel. Computer networking makes cooperative work possible, without the workers leaving home or office.

Notes: *magnetic levitation – магнитная левитация (поднятие)

**hydrofoil – корабль на подводных крыльях

***hull – корпус

****hovercraft – судно на воздушной подушке

[16] CHARLES BABBAGE (1792–1871)

Although he was a 19^th century mathematician, is credited with inventing the modern computer. He also designed a type of speedometer and the cowcatcher* (a frame on the front of a locomotive that tosses obstacles off the railroad tracks).

Charles Babbage was born on Dec. 26, 1792, in Teignmouth, Devon, England. At age 19 he helped found the Analytical Society, whose purpose was to introduce developments from Europe into English mathematics. At about the same time Babbage first got his idea for mechanically calculating mathematical tables. Later he made a small calculator that could perform certain mathematical computations. In 1816 he was elected a Fellow** of the Royal Society of London, the oldest scientific society in Great Britain. Then, in 1823, he received government support for the design of a projected calculator with a 20-decimal capacity. While he was developing this machine he also served (1828–39) as a professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge.

In the mid-1830s Babbage invented the principle of the analytical engine, the forerunner of the modern electronic computer. The government refused Babbage further support, however, and the device was never completed. A calculator based on his ideas was made in 1855 by a Swedish firm, but the computer was not developed until the electronic age.

Babbage published papers on mathematics, statistics, physics, and geology. He also assisted in establishing England's modern postal system. Babbage died in London on ct. 18, 1871.

Notes: *cowcatcher – предохранительная решётка

**fellow – член научного общество

[17] AUTOMATION IN TRANSPORTATION.

The most sophisticated applications of automation in transportation have been made in the guidance and control of aircraft and spacecraft. Other applications include railroad operations and automatic traffic control.

Aviation. Automated systems combining radar, computers, and auxiliary electronic equipment have been developed to control the ever-increasing volume of air traffic. Air traffic controllers at large airports depend on such systems to direct the continuous flow of incoming and outgoing airplanes. They can pinpoint the position of every plane within 50 miles (80 kilometers) of the airfield on a special display screen of the radar unit. This information allows the controllers to select the safest route for pilots to follow as they approach and leave the airport. Many of the systems of the aircraft itself are automated. Oxygen masks, for instance, automatically drop down from overhead compartments when the cabin pressure becomes too low. Most modern planes have an automatic pilot that can take over for the human pilot. Commercial passenger planes are usually equipped with an automatic landing system that can be used when runway visibility is poor. The system employs radio beams from the ground to operate an instrument on board the plane. By watching this instrument, a pilot can determine the exact position of his craft in relation to the landing strip.

Railroads. Automation has become an important factor in railroad operations. The management of rail yards* has been facilitated by computerized systems that integrate the signaling and switching** functions of classification yards, where freight trains are sorted and assembled. Electronic scanners read color-coded identification labels on all freight cars entering a classification yard and relay the information to yard computers that assign the cars to the proper track. Automation has also been adopted by many passenger rail lines. In a number of systems, automatic equipment is used so extensively that the function of the train operator has been reduced to simple on and off operations during station stops. Since commands from automatic controls are continuously fed to other automatic mechanisms in response to information collected by sensors strategically positioned on the engine and track, human control of the engine is only required in an emergency.

An impressive example of automated rail transportation is the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system serving the San Francisco-Oakland area of California. BART consists of more than 75 miles (121 kilometers) of track and about 100 trains operating between 33 stations at peak hours. Both the operation of trains and ticketing of passengers are fully automated. As a train enters a station, it automatically transmits its identification and destination to the control center and to a display board for passengers to see. The control center, in turn, sends signals to the train that regulate its time in the station and its running time to the next destination. An ideal schedule is established every morning and, as the day progresses, the performance of each train is compared with that schedule. The performances of individual trains are then adjusted as required. The entire BART system is controlled by essentially one computer. There is an identical backup computer that can assume control if necessary.

Notes: *(classification) yard – сортировочная станция

**switching – маневровая работа

§ 1. Глагол to be

Глагол to be в Present, Past и Future Indefinite имеет следующие формы:

Present	Past	Future
I am he, she, it is we, you, they are	I, he, she, it was we, you, they were	I, we shall be he, she, it, you, they will be

I am busy now. Я сейчас занят.

The Institute is far from the Metro station. Институт находится далеко от станции

метро.

They are first-year students. Они студенты первого курса.

He was in London last year. В прошлом году он был в Лондоне.

All the students were present at the lecture. Все студенты присутствовали на лекции.

I shall be at home in the evening. Вечером я буду дома.

В вопросительном предложении глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим. Если предложение в будущем времени, то переносится только вспомогательный глагол will (shall).

Ishe busy now? Он сейчас занят?

Are they first year students? Они студенты первого курса?

Where wereyou last year? Где вы были в прошлом году?

When willhe be at home? Когда он будет дома?

Отрицательная форма глагола to be образуется с помощью отрицания not.

The Institute is not far from the Metro station. Институт находится недалеко от станции метро.

Yesterday he was not present at the lecture. Вчера его не было на лекции.

On Sunday I shall not be in town. В воскресенье меня не будет в городе.

§ 2. Глагол to have

Глагол to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite имеет следующие формы:

Present	Past	Future
I, we, you, they have he, she, it has	I, he, she, it, we, you, they had	I, we shall have he, she, it, you, they will have

В разговорной речи глагол to have очень часто заменяется формой have got (has got).

I have (got) a lot of work now. У меня сейчас много работы.

He has (got)an extra ticket. . У него есть лишний билет.

They had a lecture on Philosophy yesterday. Вчера у них была лекция по философии.

We shall have five exams. У нас будет 5 экзаменов.

Вопросительная форма глагола to have в Present Indefinite образуется двумя способами:

1) путём постановки глагола to have (have, has) перед подлежащим:

Has he got a map of London? У него есть карта Лондона?

What map hashe got? Какая карта есть у него?

Have you gotany questions to the lecturer? У вас есть вопросы к лектору?

What questions have you got? Какие у вас вопросы?

2) с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do (do; does):

Does he havea telephone? У него есть телефон?

What telephone does he have? Какой у него телефон?

Do you have a railway dictionary? У вас есть железнодорожный словарь?

What dictionary do you have? Какой словарь у вас есть?

Вопросительная форма глагола to have в Past Indefinite образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do (did):

Did you have a good time at the weekend? Вы хорошо провели время в выходные?

Вопросительная форма глагола to have в Future Indefinite образуется путём постановки вспомогательного глагола shall (will) перед подлежащим:

Will you have any free time tomorrow? Завтра у тебя будет свободное время?

When will you have any free time? Когда у тебя будет свободное время?

Отрицательная форма глагола to have в Present и Past Indefinite образуется двумя способами:

1) с помощью местоимения no (или отрицательной группы not any):

I have no car. У меня нет машины.

He has not any car. У него нет машины.

They had no choice. У них не было выбора

2) с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do (do, does, did)и отрицанияnot:

We do not have a telephone directory. У нас нет телефонного справочника.

He does not have a train ticket. У него нет билета на поезд.

I did not have much work to do yesterday. Вчера у меня было немного работы.

§ 3. Оборот there + to be

Оборот there + to be используется для выражения наличия или отсутствия какого-либо лица или предмета в определённом месте и переводится на русский язык при помощи слов: есть, имеется, находится, существует или близкими по значению. Перевод предложений с оборотом there + to be нужно начинать с обстоятельства места, если оно указано, или со сказуемого, если обстоятельство отсутствует.

There was an accident on the road. На дороге произошлаавария.

There are many types of cars. Существуетмного типов вагонов.

В этом обороте слово there утратило какое-либо значение и стало формальным, т.е. оно не переводится. Глагол to be употребляется в соответствующем времени и числе, которое согласуется с последующим существительным. (There is a car…; There are cars…; There was a car…; There were cars…; There will be a car…).

В вопросительной форме глагол to be ставится на первое место (перед there). Если предложение в Future Indefinite, то на первое место переносится вспомогательный глагол will. В отрицательной форме после глагола to be ставится отрицательное местоимениеno(или отрицательные группы not any, not many и т.п.).

1) Are thereusually two conductors in В пассажирском вагоне обычно бывает

the carriage? два проводника?

How many conductors are there usually in Сколько проводников обычно бывает в the carriage? пассажирском вагоне?

There are no conductors in the freight car. В товарном вагоне нет проводников.

2)Were there two vacant seats in the bus? В автобусе было два свободных места?

How many vacant seats were there in the bus? Сколько свободных мест было в

автобусе?

There were no vacant seats in the bus. В автобусе не было свободных мест.

3)Will there be 6 stations on this Metro line? На этой линии метро будет 6 станций?

How many stations will there be on this Сколько станций будет на этой линии metro line? метро?

There will be not many stations on this На этой линии метро будет не много

Metro line. станций.

§ 4. Функции глагола to be

Functions	English	Russian
Глагол-связка (be+ сущ., прил., или числ.)	The length of the Kuibyshev Railway is 4,800 km. The speed of the steam locos was not high	Протяжённость Куйбышевской железной дороги – 4,800 км. Скорость паровозов была не высокая.
Вспомогательный глагол: Continuous Tenses (be+ Participle I) Passive Voice (be+ Participle II)	He wasdriving a car at a high speed. The car will be repaired in 2 days.	Он вёл машину на высокой скорости. Машина будет отремонтирована через 2 дня.
Модальный глагол (be+ Infinitive с частицей to)	He is to come to the lab at 10 o’clock.	Он должен прийти в лабораторию в 10 часов.

§ 5. Функции глагола to have

Functions	English	Russian
Смысловой глагол (have + сущ.)	These labs have the most modern equipment	В этих лабораториях есть самое современное оборудование.
Вспомогательный глагол Perfect Tenses (have+ Participle II)	These labs have bought modern equipment.	Эти лаборатории закупили современное оборудование
Модальный глагол (have+ Infinitive с частицей to)	These labs have to buy new equipment.	Эти лаборатории должны закупить новое оборудование

Группа времён Indefiniteпредставляет действие как факт и служит для выражения отдельных или повторяющихся действий в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

► The Present Indefinite Tense часто уточняется обстоятельствами типа:

always всегда;sometimes иногда; often часто; seldom редко; usually (as usual)обычно; every day (month, year) каждый день (месяц, год); regularlyрегулярно; as a rule как правило

Например: I always go to work by bus. – Я всегдаезжу на работу на автобусе.

► The Past IndefiniteTenseчасто уточняется обстоятельствами типа:

yesterday вчера; agoтому назад; last week (month, year) на прошлой неделе (месяце, году); конкретной датой (in 2004), а также используется в вопросительных предложениях, начинающихся со слов when? когда? what time? в какое время?

Например: The first Metro station in our city was put into operation 10 years ago. – Первая станция метро в нашем городе была открыта 10 лет назад. When did you enter the Academy? – Когдавы поступили в академию?

► The Future Indefinite Tenseможет уточняться обстоятельствами типа:

tomorrow завтра, next week(month, year) на следующей неделе (месяце, году), soon скоро, предлогом in через, или конкретной датой(in 2009).

Например: I shall come home in 2 hours. – Я приду домой через 2 часа.

Группа времён Continuous представляет действие как процесс и служит для выражения продолжающегося, незаконченного действия, происходящего в определённый момент в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

► The Present Continuous Tenseвыражает действие, совершающееся в момент речи. Часто уточняется словами:

now сейчас; stillвсё ещё; at present в настоящее время; whileпока.

Например: He is carrying out an experiment now. – Он сейчас проводит эксперимент.

► The Past Continuous Tenseвыражает незаконченное действие:

а) совершавшееся в определённый момент в прошлом, который может обозначаться либо точным указанием времени (at…o’clock; at that moment; from…till; all day long; throughout 2003; the whole evening), либо другим однократным действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite.

Например: The car was being repaired all day long. – Машину ремонтировали весь день. When I came he was repairing his bicycle. – Когда я пришёл, он ремонтировал свой велосипед.

б) совершавшееся одновременно с другим действием.

Например: While he was having lunch, his car was being cleaned and fueled. – Пока он обедал, его машину мыли и заправляли.

► The Future Continuous Tenseвыражает незаконченное действие, которое будет совершаться в определённый момент в будущем. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельствами типа (at…o’clock, atthat time) или придаточным предложением.

Например: She will be working till you come. – Она будет работать до вашего прихода. Tomorrow at this time I shall be going by train. – Завтра в это время я буду ехать на поезде.

Формы Perfectвыражают действие, совершённое к определённому моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

► The Present Perfect Tenseвыражает действие, завершившееся к моменту речи. Этот момент: а) может быть совсем не обозначен. Например: The car has been repaired. – Машину отремонтировали. б) может быть выражен обстоятельствами типа already уже, recently, lately недавно, ever когда-либо, never никогда, just только что, not yet ещё не, today сегодня, this week (month, year) на этой неделе (месяце, году), for ages целую вечность.

Например: I have never been to London. – Я никогда не был в Лондоне.

The Present Perfect Tense такжеможет выражать действие, которое началось в прошлом и не закончилось к данному моменту. Часто в этом случае употребляется предлог since с.

Например: She has not been to Moscowsince 1990. – Она не была в Москве с 1990 года.

► The Past Perfect Tenseвыражает действие, завершённое до какого-либо момента или действия в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельством с предлогом by к, либо придаточным предложением с глаголом в Past Indefinite.

Например: By the 1st of September all the road works had been finished. – К первому сентябрявсе дорожные работы были завершены. When we came to the station, the train had already left. – Когда мы пришли на станцию, поезд уже ушёл.

► The Future Perfect Tense выражает действие, которое будет завершено до определённого момента, или действия в будущем. Этот момент уточняется обстоятельством с предлогом by к или придаточным предложением с глаголом в Present Indefinite.

Например: When you come I shall have finished translating the text. – Когда ты придёшь, я закончу переводить текст. By the end of the year the railway will have been opened for traffic. – К концу годажелезная дорога будут открыта для движения.

Таблица времён в действительном залоге (Tenses in Active Voice)

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	V1 he, she, it V1 + -s	V2	shall +V1 will
Continuous	am is +V4 are	was +V4 were	shall be +V4 will be
ect	have +V3 has	had + V3	shall have +V3 will have

Спряжение глагола to ask в действительном залоге

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	I, we, you, they ask he, she, it asks	I, he, she, it we, you, they asked	I, we shall ask he, she, you, they will ask
Continuous	I am asking he, she, it is asking we, you, they are asking	I, he, she, it was asking we, you, they were asking	I, we shall be asking he, she, you, they will be asking
Perfect	I, we, you, they have asked he, she, it has asked	I, he, she, it, we, you, they had asked	I, we shall have asked he, she, it, you, they will have asked

Перевод глагола to write в разных временах

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	I write Я пишу (вообще, обычно)	I wrote Я (на)писал (вчера)	I shall/ will write Я напишу, буду писать (завтра)
Continuous	I am writing Я пишу (сейчас)	I was writing Я писал (в тот момент)	I shall/ will be writing Я буду писать (в тот момент)
Perfect	I have written Я написал (уже, только что, сегодня)	I had written Я написал (уже к тому моменту)	I shall/ will have written Я напишу (уже к тому моменту)

Таблица времён в страдательном залоге (Tenses in Passive Voice)

to be+V3	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	am is + V3 are	was + V3 were	shall + be V3 will
Continuous	am is + being V3 are	was + being V3 were	________
Perfect	have + been V3 has	had been + V3	shall + have been V3 will

Спряжение глагола to ask в страдательном залоге

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	I am asked he, she, it is asked we, you, they are asked	I, he, she, itwas asked we, you, theywere asked	I, we shall be asked he, she, it, we, you, they will be asked
Continuous	I am being asked he, she, it is being asked we, you, they are being asked	I, he, she was being asked we, you, they were being asked	__________
Perfect	I, we, you, they have been asked he, she, it has been asked	I, he, she, it, we, you, they had been asked	I, we shall have been asked he, she, it, we, you, they will have been asked

Примечания:

1) Подлежащее в английском предложении с глаголом в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык в винительном или дательном падежах.

Hewas asked to buy tickets. Его попросили купить билеты.

He was asked many questions. Ему задали много вопросов.

2) За сказуемым в страдательном залоге в английском предложении может следовать предлог. При переводе на русский язык этот предлог ставится перед подлежащим.

This accident is much spoken about. Об этом несчастном случае много говорят.

§ 8. Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses)

	he works (is working) работает (одновременное действие)
He says (that)…	he worked (was working) работал (предшествующее действие)
	he will work (will be working) будет работать (будущее действие)

	he worked (was working) работает (одновременное действие)
He said (that)…	he had worked работал (предшествующее действие)
	he would work (would be working) будет работать (будущее действие)

В английском языке существует несколько типов вопросов. Мы рассмотрим общие и специальные.

а) Общий вопрос – это вопрос, который задаётся ко всему предложению и требует краткого ответа “да” или “нет”. На первое место в таких вопросах ставится вспомогательный глагол. Схема порядка слов в общем вопросе следующая:

вспомогательный (модальный) глагол	подлежащее	основной глагол	второстепенные члены предложения
Do Are May	you they I	live playing take	in London? chess now? your pen?

Если сказуемое простое, то нужно употреблять вспомогательный глагол to do(do–если сказуемое в I форме без окончания –s; does – если сказуемое в I форме с окончанием –s; did – если сказуемое во II форме), при этом основной глагол во всех случаях ставится в I форму без окончания –s.

They speak English. Do they speak English?

She goesto school. Does she go to school?

He bought a car. Did he buy a car?

Если сказуемое составное, то вспомогательный (или модальный) глагол, который входит в состав сказуемого, нужно перенести на первое место в предложении, при этом форма основного глагола не изменяется.

He has already left. Has he already left?

They were going home. Were they going home?

She can speak English. Canshe speak English?

Paul will come at 6. Will Paul come at 6?

б) Специальный вопрос – это вопрос, который задаётся к одному члену предложения и требует полного ответа. Схема порядка слов в специальном вопросе следующая:

вопросительное слово	вспомогательный (модальный) глагол	подлежащее	основной глагол	второстепенные члены предложения
Where What When	does are will	he you the train	live? doing arrive	now? at the station?

Вопросительные слова:

whoкто; whomкого, кому, кем;whoseчей, чья, чьё; whatчто, какой; whichкоторый (из двух или нескольких);whereгде, куда; whenкогда; howкак; how longкак долго;how oftenкак часто;how many, how muchсколько;whyпочему, зачем.

Примечания:

1) Если вопрос задаётся к определению и начинается с вопросительного слова what? какой? how many (much)? сколько? whose?чей? то между вопросительным словом и вспомогательным глаголом нужно ставить существительное.

She studies at the Railway Academy. WhatAcademy does she study at?

They walked 10 km. How many kilometers did they walk?

2) Если вопрос задаётся к подлежащему и начинается с вопросительного слова who? кто? what? что?, то сказуемое, следующее сразу за вопросительным словом, всегда имеет форму 3 лица единственного числа.

They liketo read books. Who likes to read books?

We are reading a book. Who is reading a book?

They have gone. Who has gone?

The articles were translated. What was translated?

I shall repair the engine. Who will repair the engine?

Утвердительное предложение			1.They 2. He 3. She	work works worked	at the railway. at the railway. at the railway.
Общий вопрос		1. Do 2. Does 3. Did	they he she	work work work	at the railway? at the railway? at the railway?
Специальный вопрос	1.Where 2.Where 3.Where	do does did	they he she	work? work? work?
Специальный вопрос к определению	1.What railway 2.What railway 3.What railway	do does did	they he she	work work work	at? at? at?
Вопрос к подлежащему	1.Who 2.Who 3.Who			works works worked	at the railway? at the railway? at the railway?

Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях с составным сказуемым

Утвердительное предложение			1. They 2. His friends 3. She	are building have left may use	a large house. for London. my mobile phone
Общий вопрос		1.Are 2.Have 3.May	they his friends she	building left use	a large house? for London? your phone?
Специальный вопрос	1.What 2.Where 3.What	are have may	they his friends she	building? left use?	for?
Специальный вопрос к определению	1.What house 2.What city 3.Whose phone	are have may	they his friends she	building? left use?	for?
Вопрос к подлежащему	1.Who 2.Who 3.Who	is has may		building left use	a large house? for London? your phone?

Примечание:

Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях с оборотом there+to be и со сказуемым to be или to have см. в §1, §2, §3.

Порядок слов в отрицательных предложениях

Отрицательная форма предложений образуется при помощи отрицания not или no.

1. Если сказуемое простое, то отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного глагола to do (do, does, did), причём само сказуемое нужно поставить в I форму.

They study at the Institute. They do not (don’t) study at the Institute.

This firm repairscomputers. This firm does not (doesn’t) repaircomputers.

In summer I traveledby sea. In summer I did not (didn’t) travelby sea.

He bought a ticket in advance. He did not (didn’t) buy a ticket in advance.

2. Если сказуемое составное глагольное, то отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного или модального глагола, входящего в состав сказуемого; при этом форма основного глагола не изменяется.

The train hasalready arrived.The train has not (hasn’t) arrived yet.

The escalator is being repaired now. The escalator is not (isn’t) being repaired now. She can carrythis heavy suitcase. She cannot (can’t) carry this heavy suitcase.

We were invited to the conference. We were not (weren’t) invited to the conference.

Примечание:Порядок слов в отрицательных предложениях с оборотом there+to be и со сказуемым to be или to have см. в §1, §2, §3.

(The Possessive Case)

Существительное в притяжательном падеже является определением к последующему существительному и отвечает на вопрос whose? чей?

Притяжательный падеж существительных в единственном числе образуется при помощи апострофа и окончания -s (my friend’s letter – письмо моего друга).

Притяжательный падеж существительных во множественном числе образуется с помощью только апострофа (my friends’ letter – письмо моих друзей).

В притяжательном падеже употребляются:

а) существительные, обозначающие одушевлённые предметы:

this professor’s lectureлекция этого профессора

our secretary’s officeофис нашего секретаря

b) существительные, обозначающие названия стран, городов:

Russia’s gold reserveзолотой запас России

c) существительные, обозначающие меры времени, расстояния, веса:

three hours’ flightтрёхчасовой полёт

five kilometers’ distanceрасстояние в 5 километров

two hours’ workдвухчасовая работа

d) Существительные world, earth, planet, sun, moon, city, ship, train, company, commissionи т. п:

the ship’s arrivalприбытие корабля

the sun’s influenceвлияние солнца

e) наречия времени today, yesterday, tomorrow:

yesterday’s meetingвчерашнеесобрание

Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

(Comparison Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs)

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
1.Односложные прилагательные и наречия high -высокий near -близко 2. Двусложные прилагательные и наречия, которые заканчиваются на –y happy –счастливый	higher – выше, более высокий nearer- ближе happier – счастливее, более счастливый	the highest – высочайший, самый высокий the nearest - ближе всех the happiest – самый счастливый
Многосложные прилагательные и наречия interesting -интересный	more interesting –интереснее, более интересный less interesting –менее интересный	the most interesting – самый интересный, интереснейший the least interesting –самый не интересный
Исключения: good, well –хороший, хорошо bad, badly –плохой, плохо many, much –много little –мало	better – лучше worse – хуже more – больше less – меньше	the best – самый лучший, лучше всего the worst – самый плохой, хуже всего the most – самый большой, больше всего the least – самый маленький, меньше всего

Примечание:

Некоторые двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -y, -er, -ow (cleverумный, narrowузкий, shallowмелкий)образуют степени сравнения двумя способами. Например: narrower ýже, the narrowestсамый узкий или more narrow ýже, the most narrow самый узкий.

He is waiting for you near the booking office. Он ждёт вас у кассы.

2) определение.Participle I в функции определения находится до или после определяемого слова и переводится на русский язык действительным причастием настоящего времени, оканчивающимся на –ущий, -ющий, -ащий, -ящий (делающий, бегущий, соединяющий) или действительным причастием прошедшего времени, оканчивающимся на –вший (когда глагол-сказуемое стоит в прошедшем времени) (делавший, бежавший, соединявший).

The man waiting for you has come from Человек, ожидающий вас, приехал из

London. Лондона.

The engineer deliveringthe report gave Инженер, делавший доклад, привёл

many interesting examples. много интересных примеров.

3) обстоятельство.Participle I в функции обстоятельства находится в начале предложения или в середине предложения после запятой, и переводится на русский язык деепричастием несовершенного вида, оканчивающимся на -а, -я (делая, рассказывая, рисуя, проезжая).

He saw many interesting things, while Путешествуяпо стране, он видел много

travelingabout the country. интересного.

Waitingfor the train arrival I looked Ожидая прибытия поезда, я

through the magazines. просматривал журналы.

Примечания:

1. Participle I не всегда имеет эквивалентное деепричастие в русском языке; в таких случаях оно переводится придаточным предложением. Например:Writinga letter, I’m… – Когда я писалписьмо…

2. Часто перед Participle I в функции обстоятельства ставится союз while или when. Такие предложения можно перевести 3 способами:

While translating the article the student 1) Переводя статью, студент пользовался

consulted the dictionary. словарём.

2) Когдастудент переводил статью, он

пользовался словарём.

3) При переводестатьи студент пользовался словарём.

Participle I (perfect) выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному сказуемым. Оно обычно находится в начале предложения и переводится на русский язык деепричастием совершённого вида (сделав, рассказав, прибежав). В предложении Participle I (perfect) выполняет функцию обстоятельства.

Having finishedthe test he put down Закончив испытание, он записал

the results. результаты.

Functions	English	Russian
подлежащее (переводится существительным или инфинитивом)	Flying is better for long journeys but traveling by car is more interesting.	На длинные расстояния лучше летать самолётом, но на машине путешествовать интереснее.
именная часть составного сказуемого (переводится существительным или инфинитивом)	His dream is traveling abroad.	Его мечта – съездить за границу.
дополнение: а) прямое(переводится существительным или инфинитивом) б) предложное(переводится существительным, инфинитивом или придаточным предложением)	This equipment requires repairing. The engineer insisted on our testing the repaired motor.	Это оборудование нуждается в ремонте. Инженер настаивал на том, чтобы мы испытали отремонтированный двигатель.
определение (переводится существительным или инфинитивом)	The cost ofrepairing these cars is very high.	Стоимость ремонта этих машин очень высокая.
обстоятельство (переводится существительным с предлогом, деепричастием, придаточным предложением)	instead ofreading ---------------------------------------afterreading --------------------------------------- beforereading ---------------------------------------withoutreading ---------------------------------------in (by)reading ---------------------------------------forreading --------------------------------------- onreading	вместо того чтобы читать ------------------------------------------ после прочтения; прочитав; после того как прочитал ------------------------------------------ до прочтения; до того как прочитал ------------------------------------------ не читая ------------------------------------------ читая; при прочтении; в то время как читал ------------------------------------------ для чтения;для того чтобы читать ------------------------------------------ прочитав; когда прочитал; после того как прочитал

Примечание:

Для определения функции герундия важно знать, какое место в предложении он занимает:

1) Gerund в функции подлежащего находится в начале предложения, без предлога.

2) Gerund в функции именной части составного сказуемого находится после глагола-связки to be.

3) Gerund в функции дополнения находится после сказуемого.

4) Gerund в функции определения употребляется с предлогом of (иногда for), находится после определяемого слова.

5) Gerund в функции обстоятельства употребляется с предлогами (before, after, on, by, instead of, in, without), находится в начале или конце предложения

§ 19. Функции слов с окончанием -ing в предложении

Functions	English	Russian
подлежащее (герундий)	Smoking is not allowed here.	Курить здесь запрещено.
часть составного глагольного сказуемого(причастие I)	The train was moving at a high speed.	Поезд двигался с большой скоростью.
часть составного именного сказуемого(герундий)	His hobby is driving a car.	Его любимое занятие – водить машину.
дополнение (герундий)	The car needs repairing. They spoke about their traveling to the North.	Машина нуждается в ремонте. Они говорили о поездке на север.
определение (герундий, причастие I)	There are different methods of learning English. The railway linking three cities was constructed two years ago.	Существуют различные методики изучения английского языка. Железная дорога, соединяющая три города, была построена два года назад.
обстоятельство (герундий, причастие I)	Modern life is impossible without traveling. Waiting for the train arrival, I looked through the newspapers.	Современная жизнь невозможна без поездок. Ожидая прибытия поезда, я просматривал газеты.

§ 20. Функции слов с окончанием -ed в предложении

Functions	English	Russian
сказуемое в Past Indefinite	Japanese Railways upgraded several mainlines for high- speed traffic.	Японские железные дороги реконструировали несколько магистралей для высокоскоростных перевозок.
часть сказуемого в Perfect Tenses и в Passive Voice	This mainline will be upgraded for high-speed traffic.	Эта магистраль будет реконструирована для высокоскоростного движения.
определение	The railway line upgraded last year is being used for high-speed traffic.	Железнодорожная линия, реконструированная в прошлом году, используется для высокоскоростных перевозок.
обстоятельство	When upgraded, this railway line will be used for high-speed traffic.	После реконструкции эта железная дорога будет использоваться для высокоскоростных перевозок.

Functions	English	Russian
подлежащее	To read is useful. = It is useful to read.	Читать – полезно.
часть именного составного сказуемого	Your task is to repair this device as quickly as possible.	Ваша задача состоит в том, чтобыотремонтировать этот прибор как можно быстрее.
дополнение	He does not like to travel in an open-type coach. I am glad to have bought the ticket in advance.	Он не любит ездить в плацкартном вагоне. Я рад, что купил билет заранее.
обстоятельство	To finishthis test by 5 you must start it at once. You can take this bus to get to the terminal.	Чтобызакончить испытание к 5 часам, вы должны начать его сейчас же. Вы можете сесть на этот автобус, чтобыдоехать до вокзала.
определение	The device to be tested is in the lab. The new Metro station to be openedsoon is near my house.	Прибор, который нужноиспытать, находится в лаборатории. Новая станция метро, которая скоро будетоткрыта,находится недалеко от моего дома.

Примечания:

1) Infinitive в функции подлежащего стоит в самом начале предложения перед сказуемым и переводится либо неопределённой формой глагола, либо существительным.

2) Infinitive как часть именного составного сказуемого стоит после глагола-связки to be и переводится либо неопределённой формой глагола, либо выражением заключается в том, чтобы; состоит в том, чтобы + неопределённая форма глагола.

3) Infinitive в функции дополнения стоит после глаголов (таких как: ask, decide, demand, expect, forget, learn, like, offer, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, want, wish) или прилагательных (таких как: afraid to, glad to, prepared to, proud to, ready to, sorry to, surprised to) и переводится либо неопределённой формой глагола, либо личной формой глагола.

4) Infinitive в функции обстоятельства цели может стоять в самом начале предложения перед подлежащим, в конце предложения и после слов enoughдостаточно; too слишком. Иногда перед Infinitive ставится союз in order to чтобы, для того чтобы.

5) Infinitive в функции определения стоит после существительного или после слов the firstпервый; the last последний; the only единственный и т.п. После существительных Infinitive чаще всего стоит в пассивной форме (to be tested, to be built, to be read) и выражает действие, которое должно произойти или произойдёт в будущем. В этом случае Infinitive переводится определительным придаточным предложением с союзом который (который будет, который нужно, который следует).

§ 22. Инфинитивная конструкция “Сложное дополнение”

(The Complex Object)

The Complex Object (сложное дополнение) представляет собой инфинитивный оборот, состоящий из имени существительного (в именительном падеже) или местоимения (в объектном падеже) и инфинитива. Вся конструкция выполняет функцию дополнения, часто переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что, чтобы, как. Схема предложений со сложным дополнением:

подлежащее	сказуемое	сложное дополнение	второстепенные члены предложения
I The conductor	think didn’t let	him to cope us get off	with this work himself. the carriage.

Сложное дополнение употребляется после таких глаголов как:

to want, to wishхотеть, желать; would (should) likeхотелось бы; to supposeполагать, предполагать;to expectожидать, предполагать; to knowзнать; to consider, to believe, to thinkсчитать, полагать, думать; to watch наблюдать; to noticeзамечать; to see видеть; to hearслышать; to make, to force, to cause заставлять; to orderприказывать; to enable, to allow позволять, давать возможность; to letразрешать, позволять и т.п.

We know him to be a good specialist. Мы знаем, что он хороший специалист.

They expect the ship to arrive tonight. Они ожидают, что пароход прибудет сегодня вечером.

I thought you to be late.Я думал, что вы опоздаете.

Обратите внимание на то, что:

a) после глаголов восприятия (to see, to hear, to watch, to notice) и после глаголов (to make, to let) инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.

I have never heard her praise anybody’s work. Я никогда не слышал, чтобы она хвалила чью-либо работу.

Nobody noticed him go out. Никто не заметил, как он ушёл.

b) сложное дополнение после глаголов (to make, to cause, to force, to allow, to order, to enable) не переводится придаточным предложением.

He enabled us to repeat the experiment. Он дал нам возможность повторить эксперимент.

What made her leave this job? Что заставило её уйти с этой работы?

§ 23. Инфинитивная конструкция “Сложное подлежащее”

(The Complex Subject)

The Complex Subject (сложное подлежащее) представляет собой инфинитивный оборот, состоящий из имени существительного или местоимения (в именительном падеже) и инфинитива с частицей to.

Схема предложений со сложным подлежащим:

первая часть подлежащего	сказуемое	вторая часть подлежащего	второстепенные члены предложения
The president He	was expected is sure	to arrive to enter	in our city in May. the Institute.

Сказуемое может быть выражено:

a) глаголами to knowзнать;to expectожидать, полагать; to findнаходить, устанавливать; to supposeпредполагать;to reportсообщать; to consider, to thinkдумать, считать;to sayговорить; to hearслышать и т.п. в форме страдательного залога.

He is known to be a good specialist.

The train was reported to have arrived.

Перевод таких предложений нужно начинать со сказуемого, которое переводится неопределённо-личным предложением (Известно, что…; Полагают, что…; Сообщили, что…; Слышали, что…).

Известно, что он хороший специалист. = Он, как известно, хороший специалист.

Сообщили, что поезд уже прибыл. = Поезд, как сообщили, уже прибыл.

b) глаголами в форме действительного залога to seem, to appearказаться, по-видимому, очевидно;to happenслучаться;to prove, to turn outоказываться.

The new methods of work seem to be very Очевидно, что новые методы работы очень

effective. эффективны.

Do you happen to know Jane’s telephone Ты случайно не знаешь номер телефона

number? Джейн?

c) составными глаголами to be likelyвероятно, возможно; to be unlikelyмаловероятно, невероятно, вряд ли, едва ли; to be sure, to be certainнесомненно, обязательно, конечно.

She is sure to come. Она обязательно придёт.

He is unlikely to be able to start his car. Едва ли он сможет завести машину.

Определение отвечает на вопросы: what? какой? whose? чей? which? какой? который? Оно может быть расположено перед определяемым существительным или после него. Определение может быть выражено:

1) прилагательным.

a fast trainскорый поезд

the successful experiment удачный эксперимент

2) существительным.

a steam engine паровойдвигатель

the car keys ключи от машины

the passenger train пассажирский поезд

the train speed скорость поезда

Примечание:

Если между артиклем (или другим определителем) и существительным, к которому оно относится, стоит несколько существительных, то они образуют цепочку определений. Последнее существительное в этой цепочке является главным, с него рекомендуется начинать перевод всей цепочки определений.

my telephone number мой номер телефона

the airplane wing крыло самолёта

a steam engine car автомобиль с паровым двигателем

the passenger service improvement улучшение обслуживания пассажиров

the train speed increase problem проблема увеличения скорости поездов

3) причастием (Participle I, Participle II), которое может стоять как перед существительным, так и после него.

the tunnel linking two islands тоннель, соединяющий два острова

the terminal upgraded last year вокзал, реконструированный в прошлом году

the developing countries развивающиеся страны

the developed countries развитые страны

4) герундием.

a cost of operating the line стоимость эксплуатации линии

the possibility ofconstructing Metro возможность строительства метро

5) инфинитивом.

the work to be doneработа, которую предстоит сделать

the bridge to be builtмост, который необходимо построить.

ТАБЛИЦА НЕСТАНДАРТНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Infinitive	Past Simple	Participle II	Перевод
be	was, were	been	быть
become	became	become	становиться, делаться
begin	began	begun	начинать
blow	blew	blown	дуть, раздувать
break	broke	broken	ломать, нарушать
bring	brought	brought	приносить, привозить
build	built	built	строить
burn	burnt	burnt	гореть, жечь
buy	bought	bought	покупать
catch	caught	caught	ловить, схватить
choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
come	came	come	приходить
cost	cost	cost	стоить
cut	cut	cut	резать
deal	dealt	dealt	иметь дело; торговать
do	did	done	делать
draw	drew	drawn	тянуть, везти
drink	drank	drunk	пить
drive	drove	driven	везти, ехать; приводить в движение
eat	ate	eaten	есть
fall	fell	fallen	падать
feed	fed	fed	кормить, питать
feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
find	found	found	находить, обнаруживать
fly	flew	flown	летать
forbid	forbade	forbidden	запрещать
forget	forget	forgotten	забывать
freeze	froze	frozen	замораживать
get	got	got	получать, доставать, становиться
give	gave	given	давать, предоставлять
go	went	gone	идти, ехать
grow	grew	grown	расти, увеличиваться
hang	hung (hanged)	hung (hanged)	вешать, подвешивать, висеть
have	had	had	иметь
hear	heard	heard	слышать
hide	hid	hidden	прятать(ся), скрывать(ся)
hold	held	held	держать
hurt	hurt	hurt	вредить
keep	kept	kept	держать, хранить
know	knew	known	знать
lay	laid	laid	класть, положить
lead	led	led	вести, управлять
learn	learnt	learnt	узнавать, учить
leave	left	left	оставлять, уходить, уезжать
lie	lay	lain	лежать
light	lit	lit	освещать, зажигать
lose	lost	lost	терять
make	made	made	делать, заставлять
mean	meant	meant	значить, означать; иметь в виду
meet	met	met	встречать
pay	paid	paid	платить
put	put	put	класть, ставить
read	read	read	читать
ride	rode	ridden	ездить
ring	rang	rung	звонить
rise	rose	risen	вставать, возникать
run	run	run	бегать, управлять
say	said	said	говорить, сказать
see	saw	seen	видеть
seek	sought	sought	искать; стремиться
sell	sold	sold	продавать
send	sent	sent	посылать
set	set	set	ставить, помещать, устанавливать
shake	shook	shaken	трясти
shoot	shot	shot	стрелять
show	showed	shown	показывать
shut	shut	shut	закрывать
sing	sang	sung	петь
sink	sank	sung	тонуть, погружаться
sit	sat	sat	cидеть
sleep	slept	slept	cпать
slide	slid	slid	скользить
speak	spoke	spoken	говорить, разговаривать
spend	spent	spent	тратить, проводить (время)
spoil	spoiled (spoilt)	spoiled (spoilt)	портить
spread	spread	spread	растягивать, распространять (ся)
spring	sprang	sprung	прыгать, пружинить
stand	stood	stood	стоять; поставить; держаться
steal	stole	stolen	красть; красться
strike	struck	stricken (struck)	ударять, поражать
swim	swam	swum	плавать
swing	swung	swung	качаться, колебаться
take	took	taken	брать, принимать
teach	taught	taught	учить, преподавать
tear	tore	torn	разрывать
tell	told	told	сказать, сообщать, рассказывать
think	thought	thought	думать, полагать
throw	threw	thrown	бросить, кидать
wake	woke	woken (waken)	просыпаться; будить
wear	wore	worn	носить, изнашиваться
win	won	won	выигрывать, одерживать победу
write	wrote	written	писать, сочинять

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1) Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб./Т.Ю. Полякова, Е.В. Синявская, и др. – М. Высшая школа, 1998.

2) Практическая грамматика английского языка: Учебное пособие/ Сост. Л.Романова – М.: Рольф, 2001.

3) Dictionary of selected collocations. Ed.: Jimmie Hill, Michael Lewis. – London, 1999.

4) English for Computer Science Students: Учебное пособие/ Сост. Т.В. Смирнова, М.В. Юдельсон – 2-е издание. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2002.

5) English verbals through communication: Учебное пособие/ Сост. Г.М. Дудникова, У.В. Шемшур, А.Г. Орлова – Самара: Изд-во ЦПО, 2002.

6) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. London, 1978.

7) Murphy, R. English Grammar in Use. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, 1994.

8) Swan M., Walter C. How English Works. A Grammar Practice Book. Oxford, 1997.

9) The Pan Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. Ed. By Laurence Urdang & Martin Manster. London, 1980.

10) Encyclopedia Britannica (Children’s Edition). Chicago, 2004.

Ex.1. TEST. Choose the correct variant of the predicate.

1) The Channel Tunnel ___ since 1994.

a) was being used b) has been used c) was used

2) This railway tunnel ___ Great Britain with the Continent.

a) is connected b) is connecting c) connects

2) Fuelling stations ___ along the highway at frequent intervals.

a) situate b) are situated c) are being situated

3) I leased another car, while mine ___.

a) was being repaired b) is being repaired c) had been repaired

4) The electrical equipment ___ by a Japanese firm.

a) will supply b) will be supplied c) will have been supplied

5) During peak hours the Metro trains usually ___ with small intervals.

a) are running b) are run c) run

6) The first automatic drivers ___ on the underground lines.

a) have been tested b) was tested c) are being tested

7) The car ___ too fast for me to see the number plate.

a) was being moved b) will move c) was moving

8) The mechanic ___ the wheel by the time we came.

a) replaced b) has replaced c) had replaced

9) The surveying party ___ the route of the future railway all month long.

a) examined b) has been examined c) was examining

10) He quickly forgot everything he ___ at school.

a) learnt b) had learnt c) was learning

11) John ___ for his exam still; he must be tired.

a) prepares b) has prepared c) is preparing

12) When I ___ this watch, everybody warned me against it.

a) was buying b) is buying c) buy

13) She said that the new time-table ___ on the notice-board yet.

a) was not hung up b) will not be hung up c) had not been hung up

14) The secretary ___ by the director to answer the letter without delay.

a) was asked b) was asking c) has asked

15) The computers ___, it is inevitable that the work will be delayed.

a) don’t work b) are not working c) were not working

1) In Great Britain a first-class ticket [to cost – Present Indefinite Active] 50% more than a second-class ticket.

2) They [to give – Past Indefinite Active] him no explanation why the experiment [to stop – Past Perfect Passive].

3) I [to prefer – Present Indefinite Active] to buy tickets in advance.

4) During the last 5 years traffic on Britain’s roads [to increase – Present Perfect Active] by 27 per cent.

5) The equipment [to deliver – Future Indefinite Passive] in containers from door-to-door.

6) Train fares [to increase – Present Perfect Passive] several times during the past year.

7) The construction of both the bridge and the dam [to complete – Future Perfect Passive] by the beginning of the navigation season.

8) The problem of the old terminal reconstruction [to discuss – Present Continuous Passive] now.

9) The permanent way [to consist –Present Indefinite Active] of rails, sleepers and ballast.

10) The distance between rails [to call – Present Indefinite Passive] the gauge.

11) Be careful! The train [to approach –Present Continuous Active] the station!

12) He appeared on the platform just as the train [to pull out –Past Continuous Active].

13) A.S. Yartsev [to suggest – Past Indefinite Active] using cast iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788.

Ex.1. Read and translate the phrases given below into Russian. Pay attention to Participles I in different functions.

▫ the student attending all the lectures ▫ the bridge linking two islands

▫ the passengers waiting for the train arrival ▫ the roads leading to the centre of the city

▫ the loco developing a speed of 180 km/h ▫ the plant producing machinery

▫ the growing population of the country ▫ the applicants entering the Academy

▫ the engineers carrying out the test ▫ the approaching train

▫ the plane flying very low ▫ the shop selling computers

▫ beginning the experiment ▫ preparing for the exam in English

▫ using new methods of production ▫ not wishing to discuss this problem

▫ moving at a high speed ▫ building the railroad across the desert

▫ entering the compartment ▫ leaving the room

▫ looking out of the window ▫ checking the examination papers

▫ writing the telegram ▫ buying a return ticket

▫ having passed all the exams ▫ having discussed the plan in details

▫ having bought the tickets in advance ▫ having phoned the travel agency

▫ having taken the books from the library ▫ having got a snack

▫ having obtained the necessary data ▫ having put our things on the rack

▫ having booked the ticket by phone ▫ having returned home

▫ having arrived in London ▫ having received an urgent message

1) The first steam locomotive built by G. Stephenson could draw a small train of loaded cars at a speed of 13 miles per hour.

2) When reconstructed, the railway bridge will be used for the movement of heavy freight trains.

3) The new materials recommended for bridge construction were described in the article written by our professor.

4) I’m not sure that it is possible to repair this badly damaged car.

5) When drawn by an electric locomotive, the train may consist of more than 90 cars.

6) The first British petrol-driven car called “The Knight” moved at a speed of only 8 miles per hour.

7) The first steam engine invented by James Watt was installed in a machine at a large mine to pump out the water.

8) When heated by sun, the rails become longer.

9) The things left behind by passengers are usually taken to the Lost Property Office.

10) The first Siemens’s electric locomotive built in 1879 was so small that the driver straddled it like a horse but it could haul a train with 30 passengers.

11) During the test run the steam locomotive produced by Peter Cooper raced against a coach pulled by a horse.

12) Signals installed at frequent intervals along the whole mainline inform the engine drivers of the position of other trains.

13) If compared with electric locomotives, diesel locomotives have a higher maintenance cost.

14) The motor coaches are supplied with electric motors placed under the floor of the coach.

15) Before opened for traffic, the railway lines are carefully inspected and tested.

Ex.4. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to –ed forms.

1) The first television set produced quite a sensation in 1939. The first television set was produced in 1939. The first television set produced in 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box.

2) The new car model developed by our student design bureau will be shown on TV. The new car modelwas developed by our student design bureau. The new car model developed a speed of 50 miles an hour.

3) The trains equipped with robot engine drivers operate on some underground lines.

4) Though first developed for military purposes, radar can be used in modern cars.

5) The car suddenly stopped in the middle of the road.

6) The gas station on the highway was closed.

7) New technologies reduce the number of workers needed.

8) When invented, the steam engine started the industrial revolution.

9) Toyota Co., a very successful Japanese company, has increased their sales to six million cars and trucks a year.

10) One of the main advantages of the diesel loco is the low cost of the fuel consumed.

11) Though conducted with great care, the test did not give the expected results.

12) The talks between these two presidents were conducted behind the closed doors.

1) The cause of the accident was a [to break –participle II] brake shoe.

2) [To wait –participle I perfect] for him for half an hour they went home.

3) Special signals [to install –participle II] along the railroads help enginemen drive trains without accidents.

4) You can find the telephone number of a specialist [to repair –participle I] computers in any newspaper.

5) The plant [to produce –participle I] automobiles was built in our city 50 years ago.

6) The typewriter [to buy –participle II] a few days ago has gone wrong.

7) [To spend –participle I perfect] all the money he started looking for work.

8) If [to leave – participle II] alone, the dog could spoil many things at home.

9) About 80 million passengers are [to carry –participle II] by the Kuibyshev Railway annually.

10) When [To repair – participle I] the street, be careful at the crossroads.

11) Sleeping cars [to equip –participle II] with an air-conditioning system are very comfortable for long-

distance travel.

12) They spent the whole day, [to pack –participle I] the equipment.

13) The number of cars [to form –participle I] a passenger train is much less than that of a freight train.

14) An unusual locomotive [to build –participle II] for the movement on ice was developed in Great Britain in

the 18^th century. This unusual locomotive was [to send –participle II] to Russia for the transportation

of freight on sledges across [to freeze –participle II] lakes.

15) When [to ask –participle II] why she had missed the train, she said something about her watch being slow.

16) When [to translate –participle I] the sentences from Russian into English, I often make mistakes.

17) [to remember –participle I perfect] suddenly that she had not [to lock –participle II] the door, she rushed

back home.

18) This engine radically differs both in construction and operation from the engine [to design –participle II]

five years ago

19) [Not to see –participle I] anything there that could interest us, we left the exhibition.

20) He wasted the whole afternoon, [to try –participle I] to repair his car.

21) They were [to speak –participle I] through the [to lock –participle II] door.

22)[To pass –participle I perfect] the last exam, he began to look for a job.

23) The plane [to fly –participle I] at a great speed leaves behind a stream of white smoke.

24) [Not to know –participle I] where to go I turned to the passer-by.

25) When [to give –participle I] advice to others, think whether you would follow it yourself.

26) The [to destroy –participle II] bridge was soon [to reconstruct –participle II].

27) If [to ask –participle II], he’ll tell you a lot of interesting things about his life in England.

28) [To pack –participle I perfect] our suitcases, we hired a taxi and hurried to the airport.

29) Cascade Tunnel is one of the longest railroad tunnels in the USA [to locate –participle II] in Washington

State was [to build –participle II].

30) [To enter –participle I perfect] the compartment I saw that all the berths had been already [to occupy –

participle II].

Ex.22. Say whether the right Participles are used in the following sentences. Correct the wrong ones. Be very attentive!

1) We were walked down the path leading to the station. 2) Don’t forget to oil the moving parts of the machine regularly. 3) Having missed the 10 o’clock train, he had to send a telegram to his friends waitedfor him. 4) The porter went in, carrying two suitcases. 5) It is impossible quickly to stop the train moving at such a high speed. 6) Worked as a clerk, painter and bus driver, Neil decided to go back to University. 7) Refrigerator cars are used for the transportation of freezing meat and other perishable commodities. 8) The received information was not correct. 9) When commenting on the recent developments in the Middle East, the correspondent presented a number of interesting facts. 10) Tank cars having transported gas or cement should be made of aluminum or stainless steel. 11) All the computers installed at our office were produced in Japan. 12) The Toyota Co. has recently deciding to spend $800 million a year on the development of the new electric automobile. 13) While crossed the street, I saw an accident. 14) When typing the article, she tried to be very attentive. 15) The plane had to make a forcing landing. 16) The Internet is a global computer network having millions of users all over the world. 17) They experimented with the device, not known that it was out of order. 18) Having taken the wrong bus, Tony found himself in an unfamiliar town.

Пояснительная записка

Целью изучения данного модуля, как и учебной дисциплины «Английский язык» в целом, направлено на достижение следующих целей:

• формирование представлений об английском языке как о языке международного общения и средстве приобщения к ценностям мировой культуры и национальных культур;

• формирование коммуникативной компетенции, позволяющей свободно общаться на английском языке в различных формах и на различные темы, в том числе в сфере профессиональной деятельности, с учетом приобретенного словарного запаса, а также условий, мотивов и целей общения;

• формирование и развитие всех компонентов коммуникативной компетенции: лингвистической, социолингвистической, дискурсивной, социокультурной, социальной, стратегической и предметной;

• воспитание личности, способной и желающей вести здоровый образ жизни, участвовать в общении на межкультурном уровне;

• воспитание уважительного отношения к другим культурам и социальным субкультурам.

В результате освоения данного модуля обучающийся должен знать:

1. значения новых лексических единиц, связанных с тематикой данного этапа и с соответствующими ситуациями общения;

2. языковой материал: идиоматические выражения, оценочную лексику, единицы речевого этикета;

3. средства и способы выражения модальности; условия, предположения, причины, следствия, побуждения к действию;

4. лингвострановедческую, страноведческую и социокультурную информацию, расширенную за счет новой тематики и проблематики речевого общения;

В результате освоения учебной дисциплины обучающийся должен уметь:

Говорение:

1. вести диалог (диалог–расспрос, диалог–обмен мнениями/суждениями, диалог–побуждение к действию, этикетный диалог и их комбинации), используя аргументацию, эмоционально-оценочные средства;

2. рассказывать, рассуждать в связи с изученной тематикой, проблематикой прочитанных/прослушанных текстов; описывать события, излагать факты, делать сообщения;

3. создавать словесный социокультурный портрет своей страны и страны/стран изучаемого языка на основе полученной страноведческой и культуроведческой информации.

Аудирование:

4. понимать относительно полно (общий смысл) высказывания на изучаемом иностранном языке в различных ситуациях общения;

5. понимать основное содержание аутентичных аудио- или видеотекстов познавательного характера на темы, предлагаемые в рамках курса, выборочно извлекать из них необходимую информацию, а также оценивать важность/новизну информации, определять свое отношение к ней.

Чтение:

6. читать тексты, используя основные виды чтения (ознакомительное, изучающее, просмотровое/поисковое) в зависимости от коммуникативной задачи.

Письменная речь:

6. описывать явления, события, излагать факты в письме;

7. использовать приобретенные знания и умения в практической и профессиональной деятельности, повседневной жизни.

Практическая работа № 1.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Reading and translating.

1.1. Read and translate the text.

Практическая работа № 2.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Watching the video.

2.1 Learn the words:

cathedral - собор temple - храм tunnel - туннель

foreign - иностранный population - население banknote - банкнота

island - остров lake - озеро hill - холм

2.2. Watch Sequence 1 of the video (from the beginning to: … a very popular place for tourists) and complete the tables.

Table 1. Countries – parts of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland.

country	population
England


Nothern Ireland
	Total about: 58, 5 million

Table 2. General information about The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Capital
Population
Head of the Government
Lives at
Head of State
Lives in

2.3 Watch Sequence 2 of the video (up to: … but the countryside’s important too) and make notes on each place.

1. Edinburgh 2. York 3. Liverpool

4. Stratford-upon-Avon. 5. Cambridge 6. Oxford.

2.4. Watch Sequence 3 of the video (up to: … foreign tourists come to Britain every year) and complete the sentences with numbers from the box.

9 75 24 2 10

a. Over ___ % of the land in Britain is farmland.

b. Only ___ % of the working population are farmers.

c. Britain has ___ national parks.

d. National parks cover ___ % of Britain.

e. Over __ million foreign tourists come to Britain every year.

2.5. Watch Sequence 4 of the video (to the end) and find the true sentences.

a. The Giant’s Causeway is in Northern Ireland.

b. Tourists visit Stonehenge.

c. The Snowdon National Park is in Northern Ireland.

d. 50% of people in Wales speak Welsh.

e. Britain has over 800 islands.

Практическая работа № 5. Scotland. Northern Ireland. Wales.

5.1. Study the vocabulary. Learn the words:

thistle – чертополох patron – покровитель devided – разделен (-а,-о,-ы) it will take you ... to get – это займет у тебя ... чтобы добраться ... tale – рассказ, сказка settler – поселенец floodlit – освещен прожектором tattoo –барабанная дробь modest – скромный grave – могила buried – погребен devotion – преданность striking – поразительный valley – долина picturesque – живописный landscape – пейзаж depict – рисовать leek – лук-порей daffodil – нарцисс Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty – райо́н выдаю́щейся приро́дной красоты́ (открытый для туристов заповедник; охраняется государством). integral – неотъемлемый bounded – ограничен portion – часть, область, участок offshore – находящийся на некотором расстоянии от берега (в море)

shoreline – береговая линия irregularity – неровность indentation – зарубка, извилина lough – залив моря feature – характерная черта polygonal pillars – многоугольные столбы black basalt – черный базальт approximate – приблизительный damp - влажный fertile soil – плодородная почва pasturelands – пастбища abundant – обильный, изобильный limestone – известняк gravel – гравий, галька shale – сланец bauxite – боксит, алюминиевая руда iron ore – железная руда coal – уголь indistinguishable – незаметный, неотличимый remainder – оставшаяся часть to evolve – развивать, обнаруживать distinctive cultural identity – отличительная культурная индивидуальность thriving – процветающий society – общество annual – ежегодный to house – вмещать, содержать antiquities – древности

5.2. Read and translate the texts.

Практическая работа № 6 Political System of Great Britain.

6.1. Study the vocabulary. Learn the following words and expressions

constitutional monarchy – конституционная монархия to reign – править legislative – законодательный the House of Commons – палата общин the House of Lords – палата лордов Parliament – парламент to vote – голосовать the upper house – верхняя палата the lower house – нижняя палата to delay – откладывать to defeat – отвергать, отклонять hereditary – наследственный peer – пэр to appoint – назначать to approve – одобрять

to reject – отвергать, отклонять election – выборы bill –законопроект, биль to draw up a bill – составлять законопроект the Cabinet – кабинет министров the Home Office – министерство внутренних дел the Foreign and Commonwealth Office –министерство иностранных дел legal – судебный court – суд the court of appeal – аппеляционный суд civil cases – гражданские дела criminal cases – уголовные дела chief – ведущий, главный labour – труд the Labour Party – Лейбористская партия

6.2. Read and translate.

Практическая работа № 9 Canada, Australia, New Zealand.

9.1. Read and translate the text.

Canada

Canada is located in North America. It is the second largest country in the world, but the population of the country is only about 30 million people. Most of the population is concentrated along the southern border, in the cities such as Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto.

Canada is an independent country, though formally Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom, is recognized as Head of State. The country consists of two territories and ten provinces. There are two official languages in Canada — English, which is the language of about 60% of the population, and French. The majority of French-speaking population is concentrated in the province of Quebec.

The country is mainly agricultural. It is well known as an exporter of wheat and oats. It is also rich in natural resources. It is one of the main producers of electric power.

Australia

The continent of Australia is situated between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. The country's official name is Commonwealth of Australia. It is unique, because it is at the same time a continent, the smallest one in the world.

Australia is a very young country. The explorers from Europe unanimously called it a wonderful continent. There are really a lot of wonders: strange animals and wildlife, unusually mild weather, warm winters, etc. Even the sun rises there in the west, which is strange for Europeans. Besides, there is great stock of mineral resources: gold, oil, coal and much more.

The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of six states: South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, and Western Australia. The central part of the country is scarcely populated. The majority of the inhabitants live along the seashore or on the islands surrounding the continent: Tasmania is probably the most famous of them.

There are not very many cities in Australia. Agriculture is very well developed there. It is the world's leading manufacturer of wool. The largest and the most famous city is Sydney. It was the capital of the Olympic Games in 2000. The capital of the country is Canberra, which is a remarkable city, with lakes, parks and skyscrapers.

New Zealand

New Zealand is a country in the Pacific Ocean, situated to the southeast from Australia. The country consists of two main islands and a number of smaller ones. All of them belong to the large group of Polynesian Islands. As one of the former colonies of Great Britain, now New Zealand is a member of the Commonwealth. It is formally the constitutional monarchy, Queen Elizabeth II being Head of State. The Queen appoints the governor who rules in her name. But, as well as in the UK, the Queen and her representatives have little or no power. In fact, the Prime Minister is the ruler.

New Zealand is a rich country, most of its wealth being due to agricultural activities. The rate of life in New Zealand is really high. Auckland is the largest city in the country. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. English is the official language in the country, though in some schools Maori, which is the language of the native population, is taught as well.

9.2. Learn the words.

to locate – располагать(ся) border – граница independent – независимый to recognize – узнавать, признавать wheat – пшеница oat – овес commonwealth – содружество, союз еhe Commonwealth of Australia – австралийский союз scarcely –едва, почти не inhabitant – житель unique – уникальный

unanimously –единодушно, единогласно stock – запас manufacturer – производитель remarkable – знаменитый, выдающийся skyscraper – небоскреб to appoint – назначать to rule – править representative – представитель wealth – богатство due to – благодаря, из-за rate of life – уровень жизни

9.3. Answer the questions about Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

1. Where is the country situated?

2. What is the size of the country?

3. What are its main cities? What is the capital of the country?

4. Where is the majority of the population concentrated?

5. What is the most important sphere of economy of the country?

6. Is the country rich in natural resources? What are they?

7. Who is formally recognized as Head of State in Canada?

8. What is the official language of the country?

9.4. Think of the beginning of the following sentences:

1. … is located in North America.

2. … between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

3. … of two territories and ten provinces.

4. … is concentrated in the province of Quebec.

5. … belong to Polynesian Islands.

6. … an exporter of wheat and oats.

7. … a wonderful continent.

8. … due to agricultural activities.

9.5. Compare the countries. Use the following adjectives and adverbs:

the largest; the smallest; the most densely populated; the coldest; the youngest; the most wonderful

9.6. Choose one country to speak on the following:

1. The country’s territory

2. The country’s population.

3. Head of State.

4. The country’s main cities.

5. The country’s economy and resources.

Практическая работа № 10

Список литературы

1. Г.Т.Безкоровайная, Н.И. Соколова, Е.А. Койранская, Г.В.Лаврик. Planet of English. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2012 – 256с.

2. К.Н.Качалова, Е.Е.Изралевич. Практическая грамматика английского языка с упражнениями и ключами. – М.: Издательство «ЮНВЕС», 1998 – 717с.

3. R.MacEndrew. Window on Britain. Video Guide 1. – Oxford: Oxford University press, 1998 – 39p.

4. R.MacEndrew. Window on Britain. Video Guide 2. – Oxford: Oxford University press, 1998 – 39p.

5. R.MacEndrew. Window on Britain. Workbook 1. – Oxford: Oxford University press, 1998 – 47p.

1. R.MacEndrew. Window on Britain. Workbook 2. – Oxford: Oxford University press, 1998 – 47p.

2. R.Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Second Edition – Oxford: Oxford University press, 2003 – 350p.

3. R.Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Third Edition – Oxford: Oxford University press, 2004 – 379p.

4. R.Murphy. Essential Grammar in Use. Second Edition – Oxford: Oxford University press, 2007 – 300p.

5. J.Sinclair. Collins Cobild English Grammar. – Harper Collins Publishers, 1994 – 486p.

Интернет - ресурсы:

1. www.wikipedia.org

2. www.lingvo-online.ru

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ

По выполнению

практических работ по английскому языку

По теме

«АНГЛОГОВОРЯЩИЕ СТРАНЫ»

2016 г.

Методические рекомендации по выполнению практических работ по английскому языку разработаны с учетом Федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования.

Разработчик: Храмцова Т.В., преподаватель ГАПОУ МО «Кандалакшский индустриальный колледж».

ОДОБРЕНЫ Предметной (цикловой) комиссией преподавателей гуманитарных дисциплин и физического воспитания Протокол № __ от «__» _________ 20__ г. Председатель _________________/М.В.Сапожникова/

УТВЕРЖДЕНЫ Учебно - методическим советом Протокол № __ от «__» ________ 20___ г. Заместитель директора по УПР ______________ /Е.А. Бурлова/

Пояснительная записка

• воспитание уважительного отношения к другим культурам и социальным субкультурам.

В результате освоения данного модуля обучающийся должен знать:

2. языковой материал: идиоматические выражения, оценочную лексику, единицы речевого этикета;

В результате освоения учебной дисциплины обучающийся должен уметь:

Говорение:

Аудирование:

Чтение:

Письменная речь:

6. описывать явления, события, излагать факты в письме;

Практическая работа № 1.

The United States of America covers the central part of North America. Besides, Alaska and Hawaii belong to the USA. Its territory is about 9,328,000 square kilometers. The population of the United States is about 265 million people. The climate is different from state to state due to the large size of the country. It is mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, and arctic in Alaska.

The USA is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico in the east. It borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. The most important rivers in the USA are the Mississippi, the Colorado, the Ohio, and the Hudson River. The main mountain chains are the Cordillera in the west and the Appalachian Mountains in the east. Between these two mountain chains lie the central lowlands, called the prairie. To the north of the country, on the border with Canada, the Great Lakes are situated. They include the Lake Superior, the Lake Ontario, the Lake Eire, the Lake Huron and the Lake Michigan. Natural resources include nickel, lead, silver, oil, natural gas, iron and others.

Present-day American history began in 1607, when colonizers established the first permanent English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia. Further on during the 17th century the settlers from Europe came to the new lands. They struggled Native Americans and drove them away from rich land to reservations. At first thirteen British colonies were established on the eastern coast. In 1775 the colonies began their struggle for independence and succeeded in 1783. This was how the United States came into being.

In 1861 the Civil War broke out. It is usually referred to as the war between the South and the North. Its aim was to give freedom to black slaves who previously could be bought or sold. Slavery was abolished in 1865, but the discrimination of the black population remained until the 1960s. The influence of the USA was growing during the 19th—20th centuries until by the beginning of the 21st century it became the leading power. It dominates the economy and political life of the world.

The United States is a democratic federal republic. It comprises fifty states, including Alaska and Hawaii, and the District of Columbia, where the capital of the country is situated. The largest state is Alaska, and the smallest is Rhode Island. Each state has its own legislature. Head of State is the President. Washington, DC (District of Columbia) is the capital of the country, the seat of the government. The President is elected every four years.

7.3. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations and use them in the sentences of your own:

Занимает центральную часть; отличается … из-за; умеренный; граничит с ; основные горные цепи; называемые; современная история; начали борьбу за независимость; рабство было отменено; законодательство.

7.4. Answer the following questions:

1. Where is the USA situated?

2. What land area does it cover?

3. How large is the population of the USA?

4. Why is the climate of the USA so diverse?

5. What countries does the USA border on?

6. What seas and oceans is it washed by?

7. What are the most important rivers in the USA?

8. Where are the Great Lakes situated?

9. The USA is rich in natural resources, isn't it?

10. When did the present-day American history begin?

11. What was the purpose of the war between the North and the South?

12. Why is the USA called the leading world power?

13. How many states are there in the USA?

14. What is the capital of the USA?

15. Who is the President of the USA?

7.5. Complete the following sentences:

1. The USA covers …

2. The territory of the USA is …

3. The population of the USA is…

4. The climate in the United States … due to the large size of the country.

5. The USA is washed by …

6. The chain mountains are…

7. The Great Lakes are situated …

8. Present-day American history began in …

9. The Civil War broke out in …

10. The largest state is …

11. Head of State is …

12. The capital of the country is …

7.6. Say what these figures refer to in the text.

9,328,000 265 1607 1775 1783 1861 1865

7.7. Speak about the geographic position of the USA using the map.

7.8. Retell the text.

Практическая работа № 8 Political System of the USA.

7.1. Learn the words:

state – государство, штат to sign – подписывать amendment – поправка, исправление rights – права to violate – нарушать to proclaim – провозглашать, объявлять to issue – выпускать trade – торговля juridical – юридический, правовой, судебный to vest in – переходить, передаваться to enforce – проводить в жизнь, придавать законную силу

commander-in-chief – главнокомандующий the Armed Forces – вооруженные силы to veto – налагать вето to overrule – аннулировать, отклонять chairman – председатель to assume – принимать, брать на себя the Secretary of State – Госсекретарь the Supreme Court – Верховный Суд civil cases – гражданские права to amend – вносить поправки, изменения to abolish – аннулировать, отменять

The Political System of the USA

The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each state has its own government («state government»). In some ways the United States is like 50 small countries.

The government of the USA act according to the Constitution which was signed by the first thirteen representatives of thirteen original American states in 1787. The document was written in 1787 and since that time twenty six Amendments have been added. The first ten Amendments were simply rights or the Bill of rights. According to the Constitution the USA is a republic. So, the officials of any rank are elected by US citizens. Every citizen has rights which can not be violated.

The Constitution proclaims a federal system of government which keeps both the states and the federal power from getting too much power. It means that the federal government is given certain powers, for example, to make peace or war, to issue money and to regulate the trade and so on.

The federal power is located in Washington, D.C. It is based on legislative, executive and juridical branches of power.

The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives, There are 435 members in the House of Representatives and 100 senators in Congress. Each state elects two members for the Senate.

The executive branch is headed by the President who is assisted by the Vice President. The President enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule him. The Vice President, elected from the same political party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the death of the President, assumes the Presidency. The President of the USA is chosen in nationwide elections every four years together with the Vice.-President. The President can not be elected for more than two terms. The Cabinet is made up of Department Secretaries. The most important of them is the Secretary of State, who deals with foreign affairs.

The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life.

Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of different states.

Constitution has been amended twenty six times. The Bill of Rights guarantees individual liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments abolished slavery, granted the vote to women and colour people and allowed citizens to vote at the age of 18.

Практическая работа № 9 Canada, Australia, New Zealand.

9.1. Read and translate the text.

Canada, Australia, New Zealand

Canada

The country is mainly agricultural. It is well known as an exporter of wheat and oats. It is also rich in natural resources. It is one of the main producers of electric power.

Australia

New Zealand

9.2. Learn the words.

9.3. Answer the questions about Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

1. Where is the country situated?

2. What is the size of the country?

3. What are its main cities? What is the capital of the country?

4. Where is the majority of the population concentrated?

5. What is the most important sphere of economy of the country?

6. Is the country rich in natural resources? What are they?

7. Who is formally recognized as Head of State in Canada?

8. What is the official language of the country?

9.4. Think of the beginning of the following sentences:

1. … is located in North America.

2. … between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

3. … of two territories and ten provinces.

4. … is concentrated in the province of Quebec.

5. … belong to Polynesian Islands.

6. … an exporter of wheat and oats.

7. … a wonderful continent.

8. … due to agricultural activities.

9.5. Compare the countries. Use the following adjectives and adverbs:

the largest; the smallest; the most densely populated; the coldest; the youngest; the most wonderful

9.6. Choose one country to speak on the following:

1. The country’s territory

2. The country’s population.

3. Head of State.

4. The country’s main cities.

5. The country’s economy and resources.

Практическая работа № 10

Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей дневной формы обучения

BUT: gauge, laugh.

Oxbridge. 8) Electrons in the atom to have the negative charge

There ___ road works in the center streets of the city tomorrow that is why long traffic jams [ дорожные пробки ] are expected

Past Indefinite] 8 unique working micro models

USA were built by private companies [What…?] and are paid to use; they are called toll [ платный ]roads

Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry,

In the old days when Colleges were religious institutions the students were clergymen [ священник ], and their life was much more strict and disciplined…

BUT: sure, ensure, insurance. ► ea ▪ incr ea se, conc ea l, m ea n, def ea t, ea ger, tr ea ty, f…

Moscow) 10) to look at 20) on the train

Passengers are required to show [passports; driver’s licenses; tickets] to conductors

Don’t bother! I’ll pay ___ all fares

It should (must, can) be mentioned that …–

The pilot _____ land the plane on only one engine

I [to hurry]. 11) The phone [to ring]

Evidently the car ___ at a high speed so at this steep turn the crash was inevitable

Passengers should keep their tickets till the end of the trip

Yes, sir. The lamp you want is just being fixed in the next compartment

Clerk – There is вагон ресторан on the 4

Ben back for this trick. ☻ TEXT

In summer everybody stay at home

The train passed through a station

Ex.2. Describe the relationship between each of the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither)

Translate the sentences given below from

Проходить срок службы считать топливо тянуть транспортное средство шпала энергия 1)

At the railway stations there are announcement boards that inform passengers when and to what [ путь ] the train [ прибывать ]

The dispatcher can communicate with the loco driver over long distances ___ a radiotelephone

Билет в плацкартный вагон стоит дешевле, чем в спальный, потому что спальные вагоны более удобные

Ex.17. Model: He can do this work

Сколько стоит билет до Вашингтона? –

Паровой двигатель был изобретён в 18 веке

Rocket . This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could draw a 13-ton train at an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles…

Pacific coast. Railroads became the dominant mode of overland transportation in the last half of the 19 th century

Stourbridge Lion b) the Best Friend of

Уголь перевозили в деревянных тележках (a wooden hand-cart) , которые назывались «собаками», потому что скрип несмазанных колёс (the creak of unlubricated wheels) был похож на…

But the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done…

A.S. Yartsev suggested using cast iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788

Two engineers whose inventions had a major influence on transportation methods were

If I understand you, young man, you propose to stop a railroad train with wind

It would made people’s hair stand on end* as the train passed by in the night

Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the

Read and translate the text using a dictionary

Today, however, most Americans prefer to travel by plane

Ex.2. Describe the relationship between the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither)

During peak hours the Metro trains usually ___ with small intervals

Grand Canyon Diorama. 8) The diesel-electric locomotive has an internal combustion engine [ присоединённый ] to the driving wheels by electric transmission

You can find the telephone number of a specialist ___ computers in any newspaper

Part 1 Depending on where in the world it is located, an underground electric-railway system may be called a subway, underground railway, tube, or metro

Outside the immediate downtown area, the subway lines usually emerge above ground too, resembling conventional railways or elevated transit lines

Construction of the roof arch then proceeded with little disturbance to street traffic

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20.12.2018