Изучив имеющуюся в курсе УМК под редакцией Н. В. Юхнель, Е. Г. Наумовой информацию о Барбаре Радзивилл, а так же историю возникновения легенд, связанных с Несвижским замком и Барбарой и сравнить её с информацией, полученной из других источников, нам удалось выделить следующие несоответствия:
Барбара Радзивилл родилась и жила в XVI столетии.
Она не была сиротой.
В то время, когда Жигимонт Август познакомился с Барбарой, он еще не был польским королём.
Барбара Радзивилл похоронена в кафедральном костёле св. Станислава в Вильнюсе.
После смерти Барбары Жигимонт Август прожил еще 21 год и даже был еще раз женат на сестре своей первой жены.
Таким образом, можно сделать вывод о том, что информация, представленная в учебном пособии для 7 класса под редакцией Н. В. Юхнель, Е. Г. Наумовой, не соот-ветствует действительности.
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК.docx
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК:
“From the history of Belarus: the Black Lady of
Nesvizh Castle”
Contents
Introduction
Nesvizh Castle. Numerous mysteries and legends.
Barbara’s early life
The love story between Barbara Radziwill and Zhygimont August
Marriage
Barbara’s terrible illness
Barbara’s death
Conclusions
Sources of information
Supplement 1:
Учебный текст о Барбаре Радзивилл, представленный в учебном пособии для 7
класса общеобразовательных учреждений с русским языком обучения под редакцией Н.
В. Юхнель, Е. Г. Наумовой. – Мн.: «Вышэйшая школа», 2010. – 212 стр. Введение
Изучение иностранного языка в современной школе ориентировано не только на
изучение страноведческой информации страны изучаемого языка, но и на умение
рассказать о своей стране, её достопримечательностях и местах, которые имеют
большую культурную значимость не только для иностранных гостей, но и для её
граждан. Популяризация исторических культурных и архитектурных ценностей нашей
страны среди школьников играет очень важную роль, и её изучение становится
неизбежным требованием современного общества.
Актуальность исследования обусловлена внедрением истории Беларуси и
белорусских городов в программный материал курса английского языка в учебно
методическом комплекте под редакцией Н. В. Юхнель, Е. Г. Наумовой.
Объектом исследования является учебный текст о Барбаре Радзивилл,
представленный в учебнике английского языка за 7 класс под редакцией Н. В. Юхнель,
Е. Г. Наумовой.
Предметом исследования являются различия между информацией о Барбаре
Радзивилл, представленный в учебнике английского языка за 7 класс под редакцией Н.
В. Юхнель, Е. Г. Наумовой и других источниках.
Цель исследования заключается в изучении и анализе истории возникновения
легенд о Черной Даме Несвижского замка и известных фактах из биографии Барбары
Радзивилл и выявлении достоверности представленного материала.
Поставленная цель конкретизуется следующими задачами:
Изучить историю возникновения легенд, связанных с Несвижским замком и
Барбарой Радзивилл.
Изучить и обобщить имеющуюся в курсе УМК под редакцией Н. В. Юхнель, Е. Г.
Наумовой информацию о Барбаре Радзивилл.
Сравнить её с информацией, полученной из других источников и сделать выводы
о её достоверности.
Поставленные задачи решались с использованием следующих методов:
теоретический анализ литературы по рассматриваемой проблеме;
метод сопоставительного исследования;
сбор данных по определенной теме.
Теоретическая значимость исследования состоит в том, что обращается особое
внимание на вариативность использования текстов на английском языке в учебнике и
других информационных источниках.
Практическая значимость заключается в том, что предлагается конкретный
материал из истории Беларуси в рамках школьной программы на английском языке. From the mystic history of Belarus: the Black Lady of Nesvizh Castle
…A stripe of pale moonlight fell across the floor of a dark hall.
The Nesvizh castle was quiet.
Its majestic building loomed over the shore of a lake.
The castle tower was mirrored in the lake’s calm waters.
ld parquetry creaked under someone’s foot.
A dark human shape appeared in one of the doorways. The figure
seemed to hesitate a bit; then, after a long moment of silence, it
sighed and made its way towards the small adventurers…
Nesvizh is a small town in the western part of Belarus, which boasts the most
remarkable castle in the country. For many centuries, it has been the unofficial capital of the
Radziwill family, once one of the most powerful aristocratic dynasties of this land. The castle
was founded in 1533, the same year Yan Radziwill took the possession of Nesvizh.
The major part of Nesvizh Castle was designed by Italian Jan Giovanni Maria
Bernardoni. His designs were used to construct the castle and the Corpus Christi Cathedral in
the sixteenth century. The Corpus Christi Cathedral was the first baroquestyle building in
Rzeczpospolita. Numbering 102 sarcophagi, the necropolis of the Radziwill family is one of
the largest in Europe. Nesvizh Castle is included on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The masters of Nesvizh were mighty rulers, who rivaled kings in their treasures and
power. No wonder the castle is surrounded by numerous mysteries and legends. There is
hardly anyone in the small town of Nesvizh who hasn’t heard the legend about the Black
Lady, the ghost of Barbara Radziwill. Dressed in dark mourning clothes, she haunts the castle,
filling it with sighs and weeping.
The love story between Barbara Radziwill and Zhygimont August the heir to the
throne of the King of Poland developed into a truly Shakespearean tragedy. At that time, the
Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a union, which helped them to
resist foreign threats. However, the relationship between Polish Kings and powerful
aristocratic families of the Grand Duchy were never easy. Barbara’s early life
Born: December 6, 1520 Vilnius, Lithuania
Father: Jersey Radziwill
Mother: Barbara Kola
Spouse: Stanislau Hashtold 1537 – wid. 1542
Zhygimont II August 1547 – wid. 1551
Tenure: December 7, 1550 – May 8, 1551 (0 years,
152 days)
Died: May 8, 1551 (aged 30) Krakow, Poland
Barbara was the daughter of a powerful magnate of
the Radziwill family, castellan, voivode and hetman of the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Jury Radziwill and Barbara
Kola.
According to the writings of her contemporaries, Barbara was one of the most
beautiful women in Europe.
She was tall for her times (162 cm), with a slim, shapely body, blonde hair and even
white teeth. Moreover, Barbara had an interest in fashion and cosmetics. She used perfumes
and face powder. Barbara had been well educated by her parents and spoke Lithuanian,
Ruthenium (Old Belarusian), Polish and could write in these languages.
When Barbara turned 17, she married Stanislaw Hashtold, the governor of
Nowogrodek and later Voivode of Trakai.
However, it was a mercenary marriage, with no love on either side. When her husband
died five years later (on December 18, 1542) Barbara did not mourn him too long. She often
received merry companies of guests in Heraniony, an estate of her late husband. Her
numerous male visitors openly flirted with the lovely widow. Rumours about Barbara’s
frivolous behaviour inevitably began to spread.
The love story between Barbara Radziwill and Zhygimont August.
When the traditional period of mourning was over, Barbara began to appear in society
again. Zhygimont August met Barbara during a ball in Vilnius. The young prince Zhygimont
August, son of the Polish King Zhygimont Stary (‘the Elder’) was the principal regent of
Vilnius. He was a handsome man of open character and humanistic views. The prince
immediately fell in love with her. Alas, he was still married to Elizabeth of Habsburg. The
couple had to resort to cunning. Since Stanislaw Hashtold, the husband of Barbara, died
childless, his estate was to be passed on to the state. Thus, in 1544, Zhygimont inspected the
estate in Heraniony as its future heir. However, his stay turned out to be much longer than
needed. The lovers have been discreetly meeting each other till the death of Zhygimont’s wife
in 1545. The personal life of the prince was falling apart. His mother, Queen Bona Sforza,
Italian by birth, and his aging father were worried about the future of their dynasty. The wife
of young Zhygimont, Elizabeth of Habsburg, was neither pretty nor able to have children. She
was said to suffer from epilepsy and died barely two years after the marriage, allegedly due to
horseriding accident. While some insisted that she was poisoned by Bona Sforza, others
claimed it was Barbara who inspired the death. In any case, Zhygimont did not mourn long. Balls and masquerades recommenced in
Vilnius. It was not enough for Zhygimont August to meet his mistress – he wanted to be with
her all the time. He ordered to build a gallery between his palace and the mansion of
Radziwills, where Barbara and her mother resided. In this gallery, Zhygimont and Barbara
could meet without undue interference from others. Barbara’s mother encouraged these
rendezvous. It was her dream to see her daughter wearing a queen’s crown some day.
Allegedly, she even used dark magic to ensure the loyalty of Zhygimont to Barbara. Perhaps,
it was not really necessary, for Zhygimont – de facto King of Poland – was head over heels in
love.
Mikalay Radziwill Rudy (‘the RedHaired’), Barbara’s brother, and Mikalay Radziwill
Chorny (‘the Black’), her second cousin, were fully aware of the monarch’s relationship with
Barbara. They asked him to stop dishonoring their house by visiting her without any obvious
intention to marry.
Mikalay Chorny, the leading figure of the Radziwill clan, was playing his own game.
He was the governor of Vilnius as well as the Chancellor of the Great Duchy. Mikalay craved
for more independence of his land from the Polish Kingdom. His intention was to bring
Protestantism to the Grand Duchy. This would challenge the spiritual power of the Roman
Church, thus making the Duchy more independent from the rigorously Catholic Poland. In
addition, Mikalay Chorny established printing houses in Brest and Nesvizh, where books in
the Old Belarusian language were produced, which was another way of resisting the Polish
influence.
The romance between Zhygimont and Barbara was a unique chance to strengthen the
influence of the Grand Duchy aristocracy in Krakow, the capital of the Polish Kingdom.
Zhygimont August knew that by marrying Barbara he would cause a major scandal on
a national scale. His powerful royal mother especially disliked the Radziwills, scoffing at
them and calling them parvenus. He promised the relatives of Barbara to stop their
relationship. Mikalay Chorny and Mikalay Rudy pretended to leave Vilnius, but never did.
They suspected, not unfoundedly, that Zhygimont would not resist the temptation to visit
Barbara once again.
Marriage
Caught redhanded, Zhygimont had to promise that Barbara would become his wife.
The same night the chaplain of the Radziwill family married the couple.
The rumours about the discreet marriage eventually reached the royal court in
Krakow. Young Zhygimont was immediately summoned to the capital. He was forced to
confess to his father, who was very much displeased with the marriage. The mother was
bathing in bitter tears. Being a King in the aristocratic republic of Rzechpospolita (The
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) had many peculiarities. For instance, the King could not
marry without the approval of his bride by senators.
Barbara spent the first months of her second marriage in a faraway estate of Dubinki.
The mystery of her union with Zhygimont eventually slipped into the public. The royal court,
the polish aristocracy, and the whole family of Zhygimont hated her. Barbara could not see
her husband, and could only exchange letters with him. The anonymous illwishers accused
her of lechery, black magic and even of being a mistress of her own second cousin, Radziwill
Chorny. By all counts, it was too much. She miscarried and almost died when a floor in one
of the rooms suddenly collapsed – either by accident or not. Barbara began to fear for her life. In 1548 the old King died, and Zhygimont August became the new head of state. Only
then he dared to present his wife to the PanyRada, the senate of the Grand Duchy. The
aristocracy of the Grand Duchy accepted their marriage as a fact. Polish noblemen, however,
were furious. Some asserted that Barbara’s coming to Krakow would be worse than the
Turkish military occupation; others claimed that Barbara was an illegitimate daughter of their
late king Zhygimont Stary, therefore his son is committing a horrible sin by uniting with his
own sister. Eventually, voices calling for the decrowning of Zhygimont were raised. Barbara
risked to be lynched by drowning in the Wisla River, if she showed up in the capital. Was it a
mere hatred, or was it the fear of the Grand Duchy’s nobility increasing its influence in
Poland?
Barbara’s terrible illness
In 1548, a session of the Polish Sejm turned into a real battle between the young King
and the noblemen. As a result, the nobility failed to make Zhygimont August leave Barbara;
the King, on his part, failed to persuade the parliament to allow her crowning as a Queen.
Zhygimont August was ready to throw away his crown and remain “without my last shirt, but
with my wife”. His allies barely managed to make their King abandon this idea.
Bona Sforza fought the battle in her own way. She gave up all hope to change her
son’s mind, and therefore decided to hound his wife to death. She ordered to bring a famous
witch Agazina from the southern Belarusian swamp region of Palesse. The plot failed.
Agazina was captured by the King’s people, put into a cage and brought to Brest. Agazina
was just about to be burnt, when Zhygimont August pardoned her.
After three years of wrangles, the Zhygimont finally pushed through the coronation of
his bride. He even brought Barbara to Krakow. The young King’s mother Bona Sforza
demonstratively left the city. The people of Krakow, however, streamed to the cities eager to
see their new Queen, which was rumoured about so much.
After all, it seems that the worries of Polish nobility about Barbara henpecking her
husband were not fully unfounded. As a new mistress of the royal palace, she acted by her
own rules. The King had effectively abandoned his duties and spent all of his time with his
wife. Royal dignitaries, arrogant aristocrats and even the King himself had to wait hours till
the Queen showed up for official receptions.
However, this did not last long. Zhygimont obtained the best medical care possible,
but to no avail.
In the end, it might have been Zhygimont's mother who took matters into her own
hands. Bona Sforza was from the powerful Sforza family of Milan, where poisoning one's
enemies was not unheardof. It's thought that she might have done away with Barbara. It's
certain that Barbara became ill just five months after she was finally crowned queen of
Poland. The rumors circulated that Queen Bona had been up to her poisonous tricks again.
While Barbara battled her illness, Zhygimont managed to win over the majority in the Sejm
with the help of Mikalay Radziwill Chorny. Barbara was finally acknowledged and crowned
as Queen. Even Bona Sforza sent a messenger with a note, in which she wished Barbara quick
recovery and called her “daughter and beloved daughterinlaw”.
Barbara’s death
Barbara Radziwill lingered for a while, grew worse and worse, and finally died at the
age of 30 in May of 1551. For three years she has been the Great Duchess of Lithuania, and for one year the
Queen of Poland.
According to her wishes, Zhygimont had her buried in Vilnius Cathedral. The King set
off on a long journey to Vilnius with the cortege of his late wife. He followed it on his horse
and dismounted it every time the cortege passed a village or a town. He never recovered from
her loss. He wore black clothes for the rest of his life; the room he died in years later was
hung with black in her memory, and retired to the remote castle of Knyszyn.
According to a legend, Zhygimont was desperately lonely for Barbara, and he traveled
to Nesvizh, the Radziwill castle in Belarus. There he had sorcerer Pan Twardowski summon
her ghost. The sorcerer warned him not to move or make a sound when she appeared.
However, the very moment he saw the image of Barbara, he flung himself to her with a cry of
admiration. There was an explosion, and the ghost disappeared. Since then, the spirit of
Barbara settled in Nesvizh castle in the form of the Black Lady. There she roams the hallways
of the castle, while Zhygimont is said to haunt the Krakow palace. Even if Barbara's unhappy
spirit isn't still floating around her old home, she and Zhygimont live on in a love story
memorable enough to survive the centuries.
The death of Queen Barbara, five months after her coronation (7 December 1550),
under distressing circumstances which led to a suspicion that she had been poisoned by Bona
Sforza, compelled to Zhygimont contract a third, purely political union with his first cousin,
the Austrian archduchess Catherine, also the sister of his first wife, Elisabeth, who had died
within a year of her marriage to him, while he was still only crown prince.
The third bride was sickly and unsympathetic, and Zhygimont soon lost all hope of
children by her – to his despair, for as he was the last male Jagiellon in the direct line, the
dynasty was threatened with extinction. He sought to remedy this by liaisons with two of the
most beautiful of his countrywomen, Barbara Gizanka and Anna Zajączkowska. The sejm
was willing to legitimatize, and acknowledge as Zhygimont's successor, any male heir who
might be born to him; however, the King was to die childless.
…The castle corridors were quiet, and only the wind was
sighing in flues. Or was it really a wind?.. We can start by comparing the work of the historians with the legend from our
student’s book:
Our student’s book
Many, many years ago in the 10
th
century there lived a beautiful Belarusian
princess of royal blood Barbara Radziwill.
Other sources
Barbara was born in the 16th century
(December 6, 1520).
Barbara wasn’t a princess. Barbara
was the daughter of a powerful magnate of
the Radziwill family, castellan, voivode and
hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Jury Radziwill and Barbara Kola.
Her parents died when she was a
little girl and her brothers took care of her.
Barbara Radziwill
December 6, 1520 – May 8, 1551
Zhygimont, the King of Poland, was
invited to the ball.
(aged 30)
Jury Radziwill (father)
1480 – April 1541 (Barbara was 20)
Barbara Kola (mother)
died in 1550 (Barbara was 29)
The young prince Zhygimont
August, son of the Polish King Zhygimont
Stary (‘the Elder’) was the principal regent
of Vilnius.
She was buried in Belarus but her
Zhygimont had her buried in Vilnius
grave was never found.
Cathedral.
Zhygimont
Barbara and died.
couldn’t live without
Zhygimont August
Born 1520 – 7 July 1572
Zhygimont contract a third, political
union with his first cousin, the Austrian
archduchess Catherine, also the sister of his
first wife, Elisabeth. The King was to die
childless. Выводы:
Изучив имеющуюся в курсе УМК под редакцией Н. В. Юхнель, Е. Г. Наумовой
информацию о Барбаре Радзивилл, а так же историю возникновения легенд, связанных с
Несвижским замком и Барбарой и сравнить её с информацией, полученной из других
источников, нам удалось выделить следующие несоответствия:
Барбара Радзивилл родилась и жила в XVI столетии.
Она не была сиротой.
В то время, когда Жигимонт Август познакомился с Барбарой, он еще не
был польским королём.
Барбара Радзивилл похоронена в кафедральном костёле св. Станислава в
Вильнюсе.
После смерти Барбары Жигимонт Август прожил еще 21 год и даже был
еще раз женат на сестре своей первой жены.
Таким образом, можно сделать вывод о том, что информация, представленная в
учебном пособии для 7 класса под редакцией Н. В. Юхнель, Е. Г. Наумовой, не
соответствует действительности. Список использованных источников:
1. Юхнель Н. В. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для 7 класса. – Мн.:
«Вышэйшая школа», 2010.
2. Гарбусь Т. Музы Несвижа. – Мн.: Беларусь. – 1998г.
3. Деленковский Н.Н. Несвиж. – Мн.: Беларусь. – 1979г.
4. Масленицина И.М. Бгоодяж Н.А. Радзивиллы – Несвижские короли. – Мн.:
Издво. – Триоль. – 1997г.
5. Якимович Ю.А. – Зодчество Белоруссии. – Мн.: наука и техника. – 1991г.
6. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
7. http://www.balandin.net/Gunin/Bobruisk/CHAPTER_4/barbara.radziwill.htm
8. http://www.interfax.by/article/17520
9. http://mirnesvizh.com/2007/09/30/chernajadamanesvizha.html Приложение
1
Many, many years ago in the 10th century there lived a beautiful Belarusian princess of
royal blood Barbara Radziwill. She lived in a castle in Nesvizh with her two brothers, Mikalai
Radziwill Chorny and Mikalai Radziwill Rudy. Her parents died when she was a little girl and
her brothers took care of her.
One day a ball was held in the castle. Zhygimont, the King of Poland, was invited to
the ball. Zhygimont was tall and very handsome with dark hair and blue eyes. When he saw
Barbara, he fell in love at first sight. Thought Barbara’s brothers and Zhygimont’s mother,
Bona Sfortsa, were against their love, they still continued to see each other and then married
secretly.
When Bona Sfortsa found out about their marriage, she was very angry and decided to
kill Barbara. She gave her a poisoned ring. Soon Barbara fell seriously ill and doctors
couldn’t help her. In a month she died. She was buried in Belarus but her grave was never
found.
Zhygimont couldn’t forget Barbara. He found a magician and asked him to help him
see Barbara again. The magician agreed but said that Zhygimont couldn’t touch the ghost of
Barbara. At night, when Zhygimont saw Barbara, he couldn’t keep his word. He ran up to
Barbara and tried to touch her. Barbara disappeared. Zhygimont couldn’t live without Barbara
and died. Since that time the castle of Nesvizh has been visited by the ghost of the beautiful
women. People call it the Black Lady.
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