PHYS_10_1__V1_TG_Role of the physics in modern world

Theoretical material

In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".

As machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the AI effect. A quip in Tesler's Theorem says "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet." For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from things considered to be AI, having become a routine technology. Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech, competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go), autonomously operating cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, and military simulations.

Artificial intelligence can be classified into three different types of systems: analytical, human-inspired, and humanized artificial intelligence. Analytical AI has only characteristics consistent with cognitive intelligence; generating a cognitive representation of the world and using learning based on past experience to inform future decisions. Human-inspired AI has elements from cognitive and emotional intelligence; understanding human emotions, in addition to cognitive elements, and considering them in their decision making. Humanized AI shows characteristics of all types of competencies (i.e., cognitive, emotional, and social intelligence), is able to be self-conscious and is self-aware in interactions.

Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding. For most of its history, AI research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. These sub-fields are based on technical considerations, such as particular goals (e.g. "robotics" or "machine learning"), the use of particular tools ("logic" or artificial neural networks), or deep philosophical differences. Subfields have also been based on social factors (particular institutions or the work of particular researchers).

The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is among the field's long-term goals. Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI. Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, probability and economics. The AI field draws upon computer science, information engineering, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and many other fields.

The field was founded on the claim that human intelligence "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it". This raises philosophical arguments about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence which are issues that have been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.Some people also consider AI to be a danger to humanity if it progresses unabated. Others believe that AI, unlike previous technological revolutions, will create a risk of mass unemployment.

In the twenty-first century, AI techniques have experienced a resurgence following concurrent advances in computer power, large amounts of data, and theoretical understanding; and AI techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry, helping to solve many challenging problems in computer science, software engineering and operations research.

Safety Considerations for Specific Physics Topics

Electricity

Locate the master electrical cut-off switch.

Use low voltage DC for studying simple circuits.

The teacher should check all student circuits before the power is connected.

Never touch electrical circuit components with the power on. Only insulated tools should be used to make checks.

The last act in assembling a wired electrical circuit is to insert the plug. The first act in disassembling a wired electrical circuit is to remove the plug.

When using an electrical current, you should use only one hand at a time to avoid bringing both hands in contact with live sections of the circuit.

Electrical batteries should be checked for leakage and not be left in electrical appliances for extended periods of time.

If electrical current is used near a metal object, the object should be permanently insulated to prevent contact. Care should be taken to assure that live wires do not contact grounded metal objects.

Keep away from the fine spray that develops when charging a storage battery.

Carefully handle a storage battery. In spite of its low voltage, a high current can be drawn from it on a short circuit.

Switches should be labeled for "on" and "off" positions.

Proper grounding of equipment should be checked by the teacher before using.

Any equipment with frayed cords or any other visible defects should not be used.

Installation and repair to electrical equipment should not be done by an amateur. Check with your administrator for the appropriate procedures for equipment repair.

Plugs should always be plugged in and pulled out using the plug, not the wire.

Use properly grounded (3 prong - one constant ground) service outlets.

Care should be taken not to spill liquids near electrical outlets.

All potentiometers should be checked by the teacher before use in circuits by students.

If fire does occur with a "live" electrical apparatus, pull the plug then use an appropriate fire extinguisher (Class C), dry chemical - carbon dioxide.

Motion and Forces

Teachers should make sure that devices that are to be stationary should be secured by a C-clamp.

Spring-loaded carts and heavy masses should be used only as directed.

Centripetal force labs should be conducted only with protective goggles. If glass rods are used, they should be fire polished and wrapped in tape. Additional space may be needed to assure the spinning mass does not hit anything. Instructions should be given to caution students never to walk in the path of the spinning masses. Finally, the teacher should check to assure that the mass being used by each group is securely fastened.

A planetary motion hazard is the viewing of solar eclipses. Never view solar eclipses directly; always use an indirect method. (Refer to Earth Science for specific procedures.)

When using model rockets, the safety code of the National Association of Rocketry (NAR) should be followed. Only factory prepared solid engine propellant should be used and only as recommended by manufacturers. Direct supervision is needed by the teacher. (Refer to Earth Science for specific procedures.)

When using any apparatus that rotates, be sure the safety nut is secured.

Energy

Ring stands should be secured with a C-clamp.

Springs should not exceed their elastic limits.

When viewing the pointer on a fixed scale, goggles should be worn.

Sufficient space must be allowed during activities involving collisions.

Heat

Locate master gas valve cut-off and leave master control "off" when not in use.

Closed containers should never be heated.

Use proper technique to insert a thermometer into a rubber stopper to prevent lacerations. (Refer to Biology or Chemistry for specific procedures.)

Goggles and insulated gloves should be worn when using cryogenic fluids.

Bunsen burners should be periodically checked.

Fire retardant pads and gloves should be used when handling hot materials.

Only Pyrex glassware should be used when heating liquids.

Never leave gas jets open.

Refer to Chemistry section for the proper procedure for cleaning up broken mercury thermometers.

A fire blanket and an appropriate fire extinguisher should be available in the vicinity.

Pressure

When using a pressure cooker, do not allow the pressure to exceed 20 pounds per square inch; allow the cooker to cool to room temperature before opening it.

The use of mercury manometers can be hazardous due to the poisonous vapors of mercury. Place a few drops of oil in each tube to cover the mercury and prevent the vapors from escaping. When not in use, the apparatus should be tightly covered and stored securely in a well ventilated room. The teacher is directed to the Chemistry section for the correct procedures to clean up mercury spills.

Light

Mirrors that are sharp should be taped. Jagged-edged mirrors should be discarded.

The use of lenses and prisms in direct sunlight should be supervised.

Caution should be exercised in the use of ultraviolet light sources, such as mercury-quartz lamps or carbon arc lamps that can cause severe sunburn or damage to the retina. Proper instructions, labels, and protective gear should be provided.

Wave motion, when studied with light, generally includes the use of large coil springs or rubber hoses. Care should be given not to exceed the elastic limit of the coils or to release the hose unexpectedly.

Ripple tanks should be set up to assure the stability of the high intensity light, the motor, and the electrical source.

When simulating Young's experiment, caution should be given to handling the delicate slides and the single edge razor blades.

Spectroscope high voltage supplies should be checked prior to classroom use. Students should be cautioned never to touch the ends of the spectrum tube while the voltage supply is connected.

Some students may have physiological or psychological reactions to the effects of a strobe light. (e.g., epilepsy)

Answers to the video questions

Video #1

1)      Artificial intelligence

2)      John McCarthy

3)      1955

4)      Honda

5)      Strong AI and week AI

6)      Practical application of knowledge database

7)      Go game

Video #2

1)      North-east

2)      Earthquake

3)      79 billion kWh

4)      1975

5)      Home Energy Management System

6)      Denso

7)      Electric car is to power up the house and charge the batteries

8)      Toshiba

9)      SHARP

10)  USA

11)