Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
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19.02.2018
Many kinds of sport originated from England. The English have a proverb, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." They do not think that play is more important than work; they think that Jack will do his work better if he plays as well, so he is encouraged to do both. Association football, or soccer is one of the most popular games in the British Isles played from late August until the beginning of May. In summer the English national sport is cricket. When the English say: 'that's not cricket' it means 'that's not fair', 'to play the game' means 'to be fair'.
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<<Лицей №3 им.П.А Столыпина г.Ртищево Саратовской
области>>
ПРОЕКТ
Экстремальные виды спорта в России и
Великобритании.
Проект выполнил
Гиздатова Темура
ученик 6 <<А>> класса
Руководитель проекта
Куликова О.А.,
Учитель английского языка
Г.Ртищево 2015 – 2016 учебный год
CONTENTS
∙ INTRODUCTION
∙ THE MAIN PART
1. The social importance of sport
2. Football u Football pools
3. Rugby
4. Cricket
5. Animals in Sport
6. Racing
7. Gambling
8. Wimbledon
9. Other Sports
∙ CONCLUSION
∙ The list of literature INTRODUCTION
Why
have I chosen such theme? Sport is supposed to be interesting
only for men, not for women. But I think it is a mistaken opinion. Sport is one of the
most amusing things in the world, because of fillings, experiences, excitements
connected with it. Particularly it is so when we speak about the UK.
Think of your favorite sport. Whatever it is, there is good chance that it was first
played in Britain, and an even better chance that its modern rules were first codified in
this country.
Sport probably plays a more important part in people’s life in Britain than it does in
most other countries. For a very large number it is their main form of entertainment.
Millions take part in some kind of sport at least once a week. Many millions more are
regular spectators and follow one or more sports. There are hours of televised sport
each week. Every newspaper, national or local, quality or popular, devotes several
pages entirely to sport.
The British are only rarely the best in the world at particular sports in modern times.
However, they are one of the best in the world in a much larger number of different
sports than any other country (British individualism at work again). My work looks at
the most publicized sports with the largest followings. But it should be noted that
hundreds of other sports are played in Britain , each with its own small but
enthusiastic following. Some of these may not be seen as a sport at all by many
people. For most people with large gardens, for example, croquet is just an agreeable
social pastime for a sunny afternoon. But to a few, it is a deadly serious competition.
The same is true of the game such as indoor bowling, darts or snooker. Even board
games, the kind you buy in a shop, have their national championships. Think of any
pastime, however trivial, which involves some element of competition and,
somewhere in Britain, there is probably a ‘national association’ for it which organized
contents. 3
THE MAIN PART
The
British are great lovers of competitive sports; and when they are neither playing
nor watching games they like to talk about them, or when they cannot do that, to
think about them. Modern sport in Britain is very different. 'Winning isn't every
thing' and 'it's only a game' are still wellknown sayings which reflect the amateur
approach of the past. But to modern professionals, sport is clearly not just a game.
These days, top players in any sport talk about having a 'professional attitude' and
doing their 'job' well, even if, officially, their sport is still an amateur one. The
middleclass origins of much British sport means that it began as an amateur pastime
a leisuretime activity which nobody was paid for taking part in. Even in football,
which has been played on a professional basis since 1885, one of the first teams to
win the FA (Football Association) Cup was a team of amateur players (the
Corinthians). In many other sports there has been resistance to professionalism.
People thought it would spoil the sporting spirit. May be they are right. 4
The social importance of sport
The importance of participation in sport has legal recognition in Britain. Every local
authority has a duty to provide and maintain playing fields and other facilities, which
are usually very cheap to use and sometimes even free. Spectator sport is also a matter
of official public concern. For example, there is a law which prevents the television
rights to the most famous annual sporting occasions, such as the Cup Final and the
Derby, being sold exclusively to satellite channels, which most people cannot receive.
In these cases it seems to be the event, rather than the sport itself, which is important.
Every year the Boat Race and the Grand National are watched on television by
millions of people who have no great interest in rowing or horseracing. Over time,
some events have developed a mystique which gives them a higher status than the
standard at which they are played deserves. In modern times, for example, the
standard of rugby at the annual Varsity Match has been rather low and yet it is
always shown live on television.
Sometimes the traditions which accompany an event can seem as important as the
actual sporting contest. Wimbledon, for instance, is not just a tennis tournament. It
means summer fashions, strawberries and cream, garden parties and long, warm
English summer evenings. This reputation created a problem for the event's organizers
in 1993, when it was felt that security for players had to be tightened. Because
Wimbledon is essentially a middleclass event, British tennis fans would never allow
themselves to be treated like football fans. Wimbledon with security fences,
policemen on horses and other measures to keep fans off the court? It just wouldn't be
Wimbledon! 5
Football
Football is the most popular team game in Britain. The British invented it and it has
spread to every corner of the world. There is no British team. England, Scotland,
Wales and Northern Ireland compete separately in European and World Cup matches.
The English and Welsh clubs have together formed a League with four divisions. The
Scottish League has three divisions. The champions of the English First Division, and
the Scottish Premier Division qualify to play in the European Cup competition.
British football has traditionally drawn its main following from the working class. In
general, the intelligentsia ignored it. But in the last two decades of the twentieth
century, it has started to attract wider interest. The appearance of fanzines is an
indication of this. Fanzines are magazines written in an informal but often highly
intelligent and witty style, published by the fans of some of the clubs. One or two
books of literary merit have been written which focus not only on players, teams and
tactics but also on the wider social aspects of the game. Lighthearted football
programmes have appeared on television which similarly give attention to 'offthe
field' matters. There has also been much academic interest. At the 1990 World Cup
there was a joke among English fans that it was impossible to find a hotel room
because they had all been taken by sociologists!
Many team sports in Britain, but especially football, tend to be menonly, 'tribal'
affairs. In the USA, the whole family goes to watch the baseball. Similarly, the whole
family goes along to cheer the Irish national football team. But in Britain, only a
handful of children or women go to football matches. Perhaps this is why active
support for local teams has had a tendency to become violent. During the 1970s and
1980s football hooliganism was a major problem in England. In the 1990s, however,
it seemed to be on the decline. English fans visiting Europe are now no worse in their
behavior than the fans of many other countries.
importance. Here is a drawing of a football field, or "pitch", as it is usually called.
The football pitch should be between 100 and 130 metres long and between 50 and
100 metres wide. It is divided into two halves by the halfway line. The sides of the field are called the touchlines and the ends are called the goallines. In the middle of
the field there is a centre circle and there is a goal at each end. Each goal is 8 metres
wide and between 21/2 and 3 metres high. In front of each goal is the goal area and the
penalty area. There is a penalty spot inside the penalty area and a penalty arc outside
it. A game of football usually lasts for one and a half hours. At halftime, the teams
change ends. The refereecontrols the game. The aim of each team is obviously to
score as many goals as possible.
6
Rugby
There is another game called rugby football, so called because it originated at Rugby,
a wellknown English public school. In this game the players may carry the ball.
Rugby football (or 'rugger') is played with an eggshaped ball, which may be carried
and thrown (but not forward). The ball is passed from hand to hand rather than from
foot to foot. If a player is carrying the ball he may be 'tackled' and made to fall down.
Each team has fifteen players, who spend a lot of time lying in the mud or on top of
each other and become very dirty, but do not need to wear such heavily protective
clothing as players of American football.
There are two forms of rugby Rugby Union, which is strictly amateur, and Rugby
League, played largely in the north, which is a professional sport. Rugby Union has
fifteen players, while Rugby League has thirteen, but the two games are basically the
same. They are so similar that somebody who is good at one of them can quickly learn
to become good at the other. The real difference between them is a matter of social
history. Rugby union is the older of the two. In the nineteenth century it was enthusi
astically taken up by most of Britain's public schools. Rugby league split off from
rugby union at the end of the century. There are two versions of this fast and
aggressive ball game: rugby union and rugby league. Although it has now spread to
many of the same places in the world where rugby union is played (rugby union is
played at top level in the British Isles, France, Australia, South Africa and New
Zealand; also to a high level in North America, Argentina, Romania and some Pacific
islands). Rugby can be considered the 'national sport' of Wales, New Zealand, Fiji,
Western Samoa and Tonga, and of South African whites. Its traditional home is
among the working class of the north of England, where it was a way for miners and
factory workers to make a little bit of extra money from their sporting talents. Unlike
rugby union, it has always been a professional sport. 7
Cricket
The game particularly associated with England is cricket. Judging by the numbers of
people who play it and watch it (ê look at ‘Spectator attendance at major sports’),
cricket is definitely not the national sport of Britain. In Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland, interest in it is largely confined to the middle classes. Only in England and a
small part of Wales is it played at top level. And even in England, where its
enthusiasts come from all classes, the majority of the population do not understand its
rules. Moreover, it is rare for the English national team to be the best in the world.
Cricket is, therefore, the national English game in a symbolic sense. However, to
some people cricket is more than just a symbol. The comparatively low attendance at
top class matches does not give a true picture of the level of interest in the country.
One game of cricket takes a terribly long time, which a lot of people simply don't have
to spare. Eleven players in each team. Test matches between national teams can last
up to five days of six hours each. Top club teams play matches lasting between two
and four days. There are also oneday matches lasting about seven hours. In fact there
are millions of people in the country who don't just enjoy cricket but are passionate
about it! These people spend up to thirty days each summer tuned to the live radio
commentary of ‘Test’ (= international) Matches. When they get the chance, they
watch a bit of the live television coverage. Some people even do both at the same time
(they turn the sound down on the television and listen to the radio). To these people,
the commentators become wellloved figures. When, in 1994, one famous
commentator died, the Prime Minister lamented that 'summers will never: be the same
again'. And if cricket fans are too busy to listen to the radio commentary, they can
always phone a special number to be given the latest score! ANIMALS IN SPORT
8
Traditionally, the favourite sports of the British upper class are hunting, shooting and
fishing. The most widespread form of hunting is foxhunting — indeed, that is what
the word ‘hunting’ usually means in Britain. Foxhunting works like this. A group of
people on horses, dressed in eighteenth century riding clothes, ride around with a pack
of dogs. When the dogs pick up the scent of a fox, somebody blows a horn and then
dogs, horses and riders all chase the fox. Often the fox gets away, but if not, the dogs
get to it before the hunters and tear it to pieces. As you might guess in a country of
animallovers, where most people have little experience of the harsher realities of
nature, foxhunting is strongly opposed by some people. The League Against Cruel
Sports wants it made illegal and the campaign has been steadily intensifying. There
are sometimes violent encounters between foxhunters and protestors (whom the
hunters call 'saboteurs').Foxhunting is a popular pastime among some members of the
higher social classes and a few people from lower social classes, who often see their
participation as a mark of newly won status. The hunting of foxes is sport associated
through the centuries with ownership of land. The hounds chase the fox, followed by
people riding horses, wearing red or black coats and conforming with various rules
and customs. In a few hill areas stags are hunted similarly. Both these types of hunting
are enjoyed mainly by people who can afford the cost of keeping horses and carrying
them to hunt meetings in 'horse boxes', or trailer vans. Both, particularly staghunting,
are opposed by people who condemn the cruelty involved in chasing and killing
frightened animals. There have been attempts to persuade Parliament to pass laws to
forbid hunting, but none has been successful. There is no law about hunting foxes, but
there is a foxhunting seasons – from November to March. 9
RACING
There are all kinds of racing in England — horseracing, motorcar racing, boatracing,
dogracing, and even races for donkeys. On sports days at school boys and girls run
races, and even train for them. There is usually a mile race for older boys, and the one
who wins it is certainly a good runner.
Usually those who run a race go as fast as possible, but there are some races in which
everybody has to go very carefully in order to avoid falling.
There is the "threelegged" race, for example, in which a pair of runners have the right
leg of one tied to the left leg of the other. If they try to go too fast they are certain to
fall. And there is the eggandspoon race, in which each runner must carry an egg in a
spoon without letting it drop. If the egg does fall, it must be picked up with the spoon,
not the fingers.
Naturally animals don't race unless they are made to run in some way, though it often
seems as if little lambs are running races with each other in the fields in spring.
Horses are ridden, of course. Dogs won't race unless they have something to chase,
and so they are given a hare to go after, either a real one or an imitation one.
The most famous boatrace in England is between Oxford and Cambridge. It is rowed
over a course on the River Thames, and thousands of people go to watch it. The eight
rowers in each boat have great struggle, and at the end there is usually only a short
distance between the winners and the losers.
The University boatrace started in 1820 and has been rowed on the Thames almost
every spring since 1836. At the Henly Regatta in Oxfordshire, founded in 1839, crews
from all over the world compete each July in various kinds of race over a straight
course of 1 mile 550 yards (about 2.1 km). 10
GAMBLING
Even if they are not taking part or watching, British people like to be involved in
sport. They can do this by placing bets on future results. Gambling is widespread
throughout all social classes. It is so basic to sport that the word 'sportsman' used to be
a synonym for 'gambler'.
When, in 1993, the starting procedure for the Grand National did not work properly,
so that the race could not take place, it was widely regarded as a national disaster. The
£70 million which had been gambled on the result (that's more than a pound for each
man, woman and child in the country!) all had to be given back.
Every year, billions of pounds are bet on horse races. So wellknown is this activity
that everybody in the country, even those with no interest in horseracing, would
understand the meaning of a question such as 'who won the 2.30 at Chester?' (Which
horse won the race that was scheduled to take place at half past two today at the
Chester racecourse? The questioner probably wants to know because he or she has
gambled some money on the result.) The central role of horseracing in gambling is
also shown by one of the names used to denote companies and individuals whose
business it is to take bets. Although these are generally known as 'bookmakers', they
sometimes call themselves 'turf accountants' ('turf is a word for ground where grass
grows); 11
WIMBLEDON
People all over the world know Wimbledon as the centre of lawn tennis. But most
people do not know that it was famous for another game before tennis was invented.
Wimbledon is now a part of Greater London. In 1874 it was a country village, but it
had a railway station and it was the home of the AllEngland Croquet Club. The Club
had been there since 1864. A lot of people played croquet in England at that time and
enjoyed it, but the national championships did not attract many spectators. So the
Club had very little money, and the members were looking for ways of getting some.
"This new game of lawn tennis seems to have plenty of action, and people like
watching it," they thought. "Shall we allow people to play lawn tennis on some of our
beautiful croquet lawns?"
In 1875 they changed the name of the Club to the "AllEngland Lawn Tennis and
Croquet Club", and that is the name that you will still find in the telephone book. Two
years later, in 1877, Wimbledon held the first world lawn tennis championship (men's
singles).3 The winner was S. W. Gore, a Londoner. There were 22 players, and 200
spectators, each paid one shilling. Those who watched were dressed in the very latest
fashion — the men in hard top hats and long coats, and the ladies in dresses that
reached to the ground! The Club gained £ 10. It was saved. Wimbledon grew. There
was some surprise and doubt, of course, when the Club allowed women to play in the
first women's singles championship in 1884. But the ladies played well—even in long
skirts that hid their legs and feet. 12
OTHER SPORTS
Almost every sport which exists is played in Britain. As well as the sports already
mentioned, hockey (mostly on a field but also on ice) is quite popular, and both
basketball (for men) and netball (for women) are growing in popularity. So too is the
ancient game of rounders.
Rounders
This sport is rather similar to American baseball and ancient Russian lapta, but it
certainly does not have the same image. It has a long history in England as something
that people (young and old, male and female) can play together at village fetes. It is
often seen as not being a proper ‘sport’.
However, despite this image, it has recently become the second most popular sport for
state schools in Britain. More traditional sports such as cricket and rugby are being
abandoned in favour of rounders, which is much easier to organize. Rounders requires
less special equipment, less money and boys and girls can play it together. It also
takes up less time. It is especially attractive for state schools with little money and
time to spare. More than a quarter of all stateschool sports fields are now used for
rounders. Only football, which is played on nearly half of all stateschool fields, is
more popular.
The British have a preference for team games. Individual sports such as athletics,
cycling, gymnastics and swimming have comparatively small followings. Large numbers of people become interested in them only when British competitors do well
in international events
13
CONCLUSION
At the end of my work I want to make a short review of what I have already written
and write what I haven’t written.
Many kinds of sport originated from England. The English have a proverb, "All work
and no play makes Jack a dull boy." They do not think that play is more important
than work; they think that Jack will do his work better if he plays as well, so he is
encouraged to do both. Association football, or soccer is one of the most popular
games in the British Isles played from late August until the beginning of May. In
summer the English national sport is cricket. When the English say: 'that's not cricket'
it means 'that's not fair', 'to play the game' means 'to be fair'.
Golf is Scotland's chief contribution to British sport. It is worth noting here an
interesting feature of sporting life in Britain, namely, its frequently close connection
with social class of the players or spectators except where a game may be said to be a
"national" sport. This is the case with cricket in England which is played and watched
by all classes. This is true of golf, which is everywhere in the British Isles a middle
class activity. Rugby Union, the amateur variety of Rugby football, is the Welsh
national sport played by all sections of society whereas, elsewhere, it too is a game for
the middle classes. Association football is a workingclass sport as are boxing,
wrestling, snooker, darts and dogracing. As far as fishing is concerned it is, apart
from being the most popular British sport from the angle of the number of active
participants, a sport where what is caught determines the class of a fisherman. If it is a salmon or trout it is upperclass, but if it is the sort offish found in canals, ponds or the
sea, then the angler is almost sure to be workingclass.
Walking and swimming are the two most popular sporting activities, being almost
equally undertaken by men and women. Snooker (billiards), pool and darts are the
next most popular sports among men. Aerobics (keepfit exercises) and yoga, squash
and cycling are among the sports where participation has been increasing in recent
years.
There are several places in Britain associated with a particular kind of sport. One of
them is Wimbledon — a suburb to the south of London where the AllEngland Lawn
Tennis Championships are held in July (since 1877). The finals of the tournament are
played on the Centre Court. The other one is Wembley — a stadium in north London
where international football matches, the Cup Finals and other events have taken
place since 1923. It can hold over 100,000 spectators. The third one is Derby, the
most famous flat race in the English racing calendar, it is run at Epsom near London
since 1780.
Having written my work I think that I have proved sport’s deserving attention.
Especially sport is a very interesting theme concerning the United Kingdom.
14
THE LIST OF LITERATURE
1. Приложение к газете «1 сентября» «English»// «Football, made in Britain, loved
by the world», 2001, №13, p.2
2. Britain in Brief, Просвещение, 1993
3. Peter Bromhead «Life in Modern Britain», Longman, 1997
4. James O’Driscoll «Britain. The country and its people», Oxford University Press,
1997
5. David McDowall «Britain in closeup», Longman, 2000
6. Satinova V.F. «Read and speak about Britain and the British», Minsk, 1997 15
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
Проектная работа "Экстремальные виды спорта в России и Великобритании".
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